Re: Is Intel exceptionally unsuccessful as an architecture designer?

On 28/09/2024 19:16, EricP wrote:

Tim Rentsch wrote:

mitchalsup@aol.com (MitchAlsup1) writes:
>

On Tue, 24 Sep 2024 20:21:53 +0000, Brett wrote:
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I am on the black holes don't exist list, at smaller than at the
center of a galaxy.
>
You hear physicists talk of microscopic black holes, but the
force that keeps atoms apart is so much more powerful than
gravity that such talk is just fools playing with math they don't
understand.

>
Fools like Lev Landau, J Robert Oppenheimer, Richard Chase Tolman,
George Volkoff, Subrahmanyan Chandresekhar, Richard Feynman,
Stephen Hawking (and many others whose names I don't know)?
>

Neutron stars are are collapsed forms of matter where gravity is
stronger than the electro-magnetic fields holding the electrons
away from each other and the protons.

>
Not exactly.  Electrons and protons attract each other.  The gravity
is strong enough to get an electron and a proton close enough to each
other so they can combine and form a neutron.  My model for this
recombination is as follows:  a proton is two up quarks and a down
quark;  take an up quark (charge +2/3) and an electron (charge -1),
and maybe a neutrino, turn them all into energy and then turn the
energy back into a down quark (charge -1/3);  so we have taken two up
quarks and a down quark (a proton) and an electron, and gotten out two
down quarks and an up quark (a neutron).  Keep doing that until all
the electrons and protons are used up.  Result:  a neutron star,
consisting almost entirely of neutrons, and almost no protons or
electrons.

 Neutron stars exist in the region where the mass is high enough to overcome
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_degeneracy_pressure
that prevents the collapse of a white dwarf, and below the mass of
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tolman%E2%80%93Oppenheimer%E2%80%93Volkoff_limit
where
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degenerate_matter#Neutron_degeneracy
pressure prevents its collapse to a black hole.
 What I see from a quicky search, the maximum spin rate for a neutron star
is thought to be 760 Hz, above which magnetic coupling to surrounding
matter and/or relativistic effects radiate away angular momentum.
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron_star#Spin_down
 The previously referenced PSR J1748−2446ad spins at 716 Hz and at that
spin rate the surface of the neutron star is moving at approx 25% of
the speed of light.
 Also the center of the neutron star will not have the angular momentum
of the outer edge but will have the high gravity.
So just a guess but spinning doesn't look like it should stop
black hole collapse if the mass gets too high.
But that math is above my pay grade.
 

It's also useful to remember that neutron stars are not structureless balls of tightly-packed neutrons, as is often imagined.  They have layers of different types of degenerate matter, and it is not even really accurate to think of individual neutrons.  Even the model of a neutron as one up quark and two down quarks is wrong - in some ways, it's more like a collection of a thousand or so quarks and anti-quarks with one up and two downs as valence quarks.  And within a neutron star, you will get a soup as the neutron structures break down and merge.
This does not make the maths any easier!