The ARRL Letter for July 25, 2024

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John E. Ross, KD8IDJ, Editor | July 25, 2024

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Ham Radio During Hurricane Season
by Sierra Harrop, W5DX

ARRL The National Association for Amateur Radio [ http://www.arrl.org ] ®
encourages amateur stations to prepare for what the National Hurricane Center
[ https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/ ] (NHC) has predicted will be a busy hurricane
season [ https://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/outlooks/hurricane.shtml ] .
In addition to readying equipment to function during and after a storm's
impact, local Amateur Radio Emergency Service® [ http://www.arrl.org/ares ]
(ARES®) nets are encouraged to participate in hurricane reporting and relief
nets.


Stations do not need to be in a coastal zone to participate. Propagation
often shifts well inland, meaning ham radio operators throughout the
continent can serve in times of need. "Monitoring and relaying traffic is a
way to help with the nets and get real time information to the NHC, where it
can be shared with the National Weather Service, FEMA, and other emergency
response organizations to aid in a more rapid response and recovery," said
ARRL Director of Emergency Management Josh Johnston, KE5MHV.

 
Amateur radio plays a critical role in the warning and recovery process of
hurricanes. From providing surface observations which give forecasters at the
National Hurricane Center ground truth, to providing communications when
infrastructure is damaged, ham radio is as vital as ever.


The Nets
 
There is a robust ecosystem of communications networks that all work in
tandem to provide coverage anytime a named storm is within a few hundred
miles of land. These separate, but partner, volunteer organizations serve
much of the Western Hemisphere on many different bands and modes.

 
Much of the focus is to get information to and from the National Hurricane
Center in Miami, Florida. Hurricane specialists rely on having an amateur
radio station at the center, WX4NHC [
https://w4ehw.fiu.edu/wx4nhc-contact.html ] . Julio Ripoll, WD4R, is the
Amateur Radio Assistant Coordinator for the station. "These surface reports
can be weather data or eyewitness reports (or heard on local VHF/UHF) and are
very valuable to the hurricane specialists at NHC, as they fill in gaps of
data that they may not have from other means, such as government weather
stations, satellites, Hurricane Hunter aircraft, etc.," explained Ripoll.

 
The NHC would like more hams to provide information if they are in an
affected area. There are many ways to do it. The simplest is over high
frequency (HF) amateur radio bands. There, you'll find a dedicated team
running the Hurricane Watch Net [ https://www.hwn.org/ ] . The net, which
uses 14.325 MHz and 7.268 MHz, depending on propagation, is usually active
any time a hurricane is within 300 statute miles of a populated landmass, or
at the request of NHC.

 
"We are strategically dispersed across North America, throughout the
Caribbean Islands, Central America, and the northern coast of South America,
so that we can provide a continuous path of communications from
storm-affected areas," said Bobby Graves, KB5HAV, Hurricane Watch Net
Manager. The net has members who speak many of the languages in the hurricane
zones, including English and Spanish.


Information to and From
 
The HWN is a two-way street of information, while the reports coming in are
critical to forecasters - information from the NHC is even more important to
people in the path of the storm. Weather information is relayed in real time
from the NHC throughout the network, as well.

 
In addition to the weather information and reporting, the HWN assists the
Salvation Army's SATERN Net with outgoing health and welfare traffic from the
affected areas - messages sent via ham radio from those being impacted by the
storm.

 
WX4NHC also receives reports via Winlink email over amateur radio via the
address wx4nhc@winlink.org [ http://mailto:wx4nhc@winlink.org ] . The email
subject line must start with //WL2K. There is a webform on the WX4NHC web
site to provide information as well.

 
Voice over Internet Protocol and Digital Voice Modes
 
For those without HF capabilities, or who may have their antennas unavailable
during the storms, the VoIP Hurricane Net [ https://voipwx.net/ ] provides a
parallel capability using modern digital technologies. VoIP Hurricane Net
manager Rob Macedo, KD1CY, says the scope of this net gives a big picture
look at what's happening. "Our net gathers reports from amateur radio nets
and amateur radio operators at the local, state and regional level that
connect directly or liaison to our net on *WX_TALK* Echolink conference node:
7203/IRLP 9219 reflector. The connections to our net can include other VoIP
modes such as Fusion, All-Star, Hamshack Hotline, certain types of DMR among
other VoIP modes via the KC5FM, AUXCOMM and Sunflower systems," he said. The
VoIP Hurricane Net also provides observations from social media monitoring.

 
More Participation Needed
 
With the robust systems in place to handle traffic, organizers encourage
radio amateurs in the path of these storms to participate in the nets. "We
encourage all who are in the path of a landfalling hurricane to join us and
share your local observed weather information. No matter how insignificant
you may feel your data may be, it is very important to the forecasters at the
National Hurricane Center," said Graves.


"Sometimes, ham radio reports are the only reports received from the islands
or sparely populated areas," said Ripoll. Michael Brennan, Director of the
National Hurricane Center, added, "The NHC ham radio network has played a
crucial role for more than 40 years in providing real-time information during
tropical storms and hurricanes. The information provided by ham radio is
incredibly helpful to NHC's hurricane specialists as it provides
on-the-ground data during an event and offers a valuable option to maintain
communications in situations where traditional communication methods can fail
or become unavailable."


Geochron Global Operational Awareness
[http://www.geochron.com/ham-radio-4k/]


ARRL Board Completes 2024 Second Meeting, Approves Report to Advance a 3-Year
Strategy


ARRL President Rick Roderick, K5UR, gaveled in the 2024 Second Meeting of the
ARRL Board of Directors on Friday, July 19, in Windsor, Connecticut. The
Board meeting was preceded by standing committee meetings held on Thursday,
including Administration & Finance chaired by Rocky Mountain Division
Director Jeff Ryan, K0RM; Emergency Communications and Field Services chaired
by Great Lakes Division Director Scott Yonally, N8SY, and Programs & Services
chaired by Dakota Division Director Bill Lippert, AC0W.

 
President Roderick recognized new Officers and Board members including First
Vice President Kristen McIntyre, K6WX (January 2024), Second Vice President
Mike Ritz, W7VO (January 2024), Hudson Division Director Ed Wilson, N2XDD
(July 2024), Northwestern Division Director Mark Tharp, KB7HDX (January
2024), Northwestern Division Vice Director Michael Sterba, KG7HQ (February
2024; not present due to flight cancellations), Pacific Division Director
Tony Marcin, W7XM (January 2024), and Pacific Division Vice Director John
Litz, NZ6Q (April 2024).


Here are highlights of some of the actions taken at the meeting:
 
Strategy
 
The Board unanimously accepted a report establishing a 3-year strategy for
ARRL, and recognized the efforts of the Strategy Working Group. They
authorized CEO David A. Minster, NA2AA, to proceed with further planning.

 
The report included a revised mission statement: ARRL's mission is to promote
and protect the art, science, and enjoyment of amateur radio, and to develop
the next generation of radio amateurs.

 
The strategy articulates continued commitment and enhancements to our
existing advocacies:


�-�Promoting Amateur Radio
�-�Protecting Amateur Radio

A new advocacy is being created, committing ARRL to develop the next
generation of radio amateurs through the expansion of existing programs and
the creation of curriculum-based initiatives targeted at middle and high
school STEM education programs:


�-�Inspiring and Educating Youth

The strategy calls for investments in Information Technology to continue
along the path of ARRL's Digital Transformation. This will include evaluating
membership models, content delivery methods, and next generation software
products along with the infrastructure improvements required to support them:

�-�Serving Members and Driving Growth Through Technology

In committing to dramatically expanding our capabilities and activities in
the STEM education space and investing in upgrades and additions to our
Information Technology platform, we recognize that revenue from membership
dues is insufficient to fund these initiatives. In fact, dues contribute less
than half the revenue required to operate ARRL. Efforts are required to
develop new sources of revenue and seek support from donors and grants from
both public and private organizations:


�-�Expanding Our Means and Financial Capability

The Board requested the President establish the ARRL Information Technology
Advisory Committee (ITAC), acknowledging the importance of providing
information technology-based services to ARRL members, and to improve and
protect ARRL systems. The ITAC will engage experts in the field of IT to help
oversee the development, operations, and evolution of the ARRL IT system
infrastructure and applications.

 
The Board reassigned the Logbook of The World® (LoTW®) Maintenance
Committee to the newly established Information Technology Advisory Committee
(ITAC). ITAC will support the Maintenance Committee's responsibilities with
LoTW® development, including technical changes and future upgrades to the
system.


Advocacy
 
The Board recommended and authorized the creation of additional publications,
including books and online resources, and products, such as antenna kits, to
help expand ARRL's commitment to help hams who are faced with limits on
station building capabilities due to space limitations and/or limited
resources.

 
Governance
 
The Board requested that the President appoint a study group to review the
current structure of ARRL governance and the Field Organization and suggest
changes that would improve the organization and better support the
membership.

 
The Board requested that the President establish an ad hoc committee to
review the ARRL Director's Workbook and establish an annual review process to
keep the document up to date with Board practice and procedure.

 
The Board approved expanding the policy for recording roll call votes to
being required for any pending motions pertaining to ARRL governance
documents.

 
Trademarks
 
Following recent review of ARRL's trademarks and the completion of related
registrations and trademark renewals, the Board requested the CEO to provide
a report at its next meeting consisting of efforts and actions taken during
2024 to identify, remedy, and protect the use of its trademarks by other
parties.

 
The complete minutes of the 2024 Second Meeting of the ARRL Board of
Directors will be available soon on the ARRL website.

 
The next meeting of the ARRL Board of Directors will be January 17 - 18,
2025.


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ARRL Southeastern Division Vice Director Jeff Beals, WA4AW, Silent Key

The Vice Director of the ARRL Southeastern Division, Jeffrey J. "Jeff" Beals,
WA4AW, has become a Silent Key. He died on July 20, 2024. Beals devoted a
lifetime of service to amateur radio, having served in many local clubs, the
ARRL Field Organization, and on the ARRL Board of Directors. He was also
elected Vice President of the Quarter Century Wireless Association (QCWA) in
2023.

 
ARRL Southeastern Division Director Mickey Baker, N4MB, recalls that Beals'
passion for service involved getting others active in service as well. "Jeff
was a connector - his �-�superpower' was finding volunteers and organizing
events so that others would see the value of their service. �-�We'll see you
next time!' And you knew he would call. He �-�volunteered' many of us to
charitable runs and bike rides, the South Florida Fair and many other events
that promoted amateur radio, and hamfests. He volunteered entire clubs then
challenged us to show," wrote Baker of his long-time friend.


Read much more about Beals' lifetime of service to amateur radio on ARRL News
[
https://www.arrl.org/news/arrl-southeastern-division-vice-director-jeff-beals-wa4aw-sk
] .


Comet Antenna CA-2X4SR VHF/UHF Mobile Antenna
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Ted Rappaport, N9NB, Inducted into IEEE VTS Hall of Fame

Professor Theodore "Ted" S. Rappaport, Ph.D., N9NB, has been elected to the
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) Vehicular Technology
Society's (VTS) Hall of Fame. The IEEE VTS Hall of Fame recognizes
individuals whose truly outstanding leadership and contributions have had a
significant impact on the technologies represented by the fields of interest
of the IEEE VTS. The VTS is one of the oldest societies in IEEE. Dr.
Rappaport is a tenured professor at the New York University (NYU) Electrical
Engineering in the Tandon School of Engineering, Courant School of
Mathematics, and the NYU Grossman School of Medicine. He has co-authored over
300 papers and 20 books, including the most-cited books on wireless
communications, adaptive antennas, wireless simulation, and millimeter-wave
communications, which have been translated into eight languages.


Dr. Rappaport was first licensed in 1975 and joined ARRL that same year. He
now holds an Amateur Extra class license. He has been an ARRL Life Member
since 1983 and received an ARRL scholarship to help complete his doctorate at
Purdue University.

 
"Amateur radio has been more influential in my life than I could have
imagined," said Rappaport. "At age 14, I was able to teach adults about
amateur radio and electronics principles, to help them become licensed
operators. I believe that led to my career in academia and teaching."

 
Dr. Rappaport said that amateur radio literally saved his life when he was
younger. "While in the hospital with acute myeloid leukemia (AML), a form of
blood cancer, I asked for more time. I'm still on the air today and a blessed
individual," added Rappaport.

 
The IEEE asked Dr. Rappaport to write the history of amateur radio, and he
agreed on the condition it would be available to amateur radio operators and
the public at no charge. The Crucible of Communications, Part 1 and Part 2,
are complete and can be read online. He is currently working on Part 3 and
hopes have it completed in the near future.

 
Induction ceremonies to the VTS Hall of Fame for Dr. Rappaport will be in
Washington, DC, on October 9, 2024.


KF7P Coaxial Arrestors
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Amateur Radio in the News

"Ham Radio Operators Send Message Of Hope During Yard Sale Special Event [
https://thevillagereporter.com/ham-radio-operators-send-message-of-hope-during-yard-sale-special-event/
] " / The Village Reporter (Ohio) June 17, 2024 --The Williams County Amateur
Radio Association is an ARRL Affiliated Club.

 
"The Outsider | Ham radio wizards blend new, old technology to bolster
communications in crises [
https://coloradosun.com/2024/07/11/outsider-20240711/ ] " / The Colorado Sun
(Colorado) July 11, 2024 -- Rocky Mountain Ham Radio is an ARRL Affiliated
Club.


ARRL Podcasts

ARRL On the Air
[https://blubrry.com/arrlontheair/]


On the Air
Sponsored by Icom
 
New Emergency Communication Courses from ARRL
ARRL Director of Emergency Management Josh Johnston, KE5MHV, joins the
podcast to share details about ARRL's updated Emergency Communication
courses, which have been broken into three successive levels �-" Basic,
Intermediate, and Advanced. The courses are available free of charge at the
ARRL Learning Center.


ARRL Audio News
[https://blubrry.com/arrlaudionews/]


ARRL Audio News
Listen to ARRL Audio News [ http://www.arrl.org/arrl-audio-news ] , available
every Friday. ARRL Audio News is a summary of the week's top news stories in
the world of amateur radio and ARRL, along with interviews and other
features. The On the Air podcast and ARRL Audio News are available on
blubrry, iTunes, and Apple Podcasts.

On the Air [ https://blubrry.com/arrlontheair/ ] | ARRL Audio News [
https://blubrry.com/arrlaudionews/ ]


In Brief...

Members of the combined Falmouth Amateur Radio Association (FARA) and
Barnstable Amateur Radio Club (BARC) gave an introduction to amateur radio
presentation as part of the Massachusetts Maritime Academy's Advanced Studies
and Leadership Program [
https://www.maritime.edu/pre-college-opportunities/advanced-studies-leadership
] (ASLP) camp. The presentation was held in the academy's new conference
center with approximately 180 students in attendance. Held in mid-July, the
ASLP is a 2-week summer, college-like residential experience developed by the
Cape Cod Collaborative [ https://capecodcollaborative.org/ ] with the
Massachusetts Maritime Academy. Emphasis is placed on leadership and
development; project-oriented instruction in science, technology,
engineering, and math (STEM) areas; as well as the humanities, for
high-achieving students from the 19 Cape Cod Collaborative member school
districts. Students attended presentations including an overview of the many
facets of amateur ra

 dio, its role in emergency communications in events such as hurricanes, and
an overview of amateur radio satellite communication, focusing on cube
satellites (CubeSats), several of which had been built by students. In
addition, two Get On The Air (GOTA) stations were set up. Students were
allowed to make radio contacts with licensed amateurs watching and listening.
The VHF GOTA station contacted several FARA members on the local N1YHS
repeater. The HF GOTA station made several contacts, including amateur radio
stations in Bulgaria, Italy, and Nova Scotia. Organizers reported students in
the ASLP camp were attentive and asked good questions. BARC members included
Bruce Semple, WA3SWJ; Norm Cantin, WA1NLG; Rob Leiden, K1UI, and Lem
Skidmore, W1LEM. FARA members participating were Chris Ranney, WA1CMR, and
Ralph Swenson, N1YHS.


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Flex Radio FT8
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Announcements

The deadline to submit entries for 2024 ARRL Field Day was July 23. Over
4,000 entries have been received. There is still time to check and correct
entries by visiting the ARRL Field Day [ https://field-day.arrl.org/ ]
portal. Entries shown as complete in the status column have all of the
necessary documentation required. However, entries with a status of "Pending
Documents" need to be reviewed and any missing or incomplete information
should be added. Corrections may be made until August 23. For more Field Day
information/questions, contact fdinfo@arrl.org [ mailto:fdinfo@arrl.org ] via
email or phone (860) 594-0232.


The Elkhart East Hamfest and the 2024 ARRL Central Division Convention will
be held on August 3 at the Northern Indiana Event Center Pavilion [
https://elkharteasthamfest.com/venue.html ] located near Exit 96 (Elkhart
East exit) of the Indiana Toll Road (I-80/90) on County Road 17. There will
be over 22,000 square feet of indoor market space for amateur radio, hobby
electronics, computer equipment, and 125 tables of retail, wholesale, and
consumer vendors. Indoor tables are $15 each. Also, a large outdoor market
area with up to 60 (34' x 67') designated areas. The outdoor area provides
enough space to park your vehicle, a trailer, and still have plenty of room
to sell. Special event station W1AW/9 will be on the air operating on 20 and
40 meters SSB, CW, and FT8. A new list of corrected operating frequencies can
be found at Elkhart East Hamfest - Official Site [
https://elkharteasthamfest.com/ ] .


The K7RA Solar Update

K7RA Solar Update - NASA SDO/HMI


For this Friday's ARRL Propagation Bulletin, ARLP030:
 
Solar activity was a bit lower this week. Seven new sunspot groups appeared.
The only day with no new sunspot groups was Sunday, July 21. The next day,
two new sunspot groups arose, and all other days each had one new group.

 
The average daily sunspot number was 208.1, down from 215.9, while average
daily solar flux declined from 226 to 193.

 
Geomagnetic numbers remained quiet, with average planetary A index unchanged
at 6, and middle latitude numbers changing from 8 to 7.3.

 
The outlook for the next few weeks has solar flux reaching a short-term
maximum of 230 on August 12 - 14.

 
Predicted solar flux is 175 on July 25 - 27; 170 on July 28 - 29; 175 on July
30 - 31; 165 on August 1 - 2; then 170, 180 and 190 on August 3 - 5; 200 on
August 6 - 11; 230 on August 12 - 14; 210 on August 15, and 200 on August 16
- 18.

 
Predicted planetary A index is 10 on July 25 - 26, then 18 and 8 on July 27 -
28, 5 on July 29 through August 14, 8 on August 15 - 16, and 5 on August 17
through the first week in September.

 
Sunspot numbers for July 18 through 24, 2024, were 276, 269, 212, 200, 173,
167, and 160, with a mean of 208.1. The 10.7 -centimeter flux was 208.7,
201.6, 207.4, 197.9, 185, 175.5, and 174.8, with a mean of 193. Estimated
planetary A indices were 5, 5, 7, 5, 9, 5, and 6, with a mean of 6. Middle
latitude A index was 4, 5, 8, 9, 9, 8, and 8, with a mean of 7.3

 
Send your tips, questions, or comments to k7ra@arrl.net [
mailto:k7ra@arrl.net ] .

 
A comprehensive K7RA Solar Update is posted Fridays on the ARRL website. For
more information concerning radio propagation, visit [
http://arrl.org/propagation-of-rf-signals ] the ARRL Technical Information
Service, read [ http://arrl.org/the-sun-the-earth-the-ionosphere ] "What the
Numbers Mean...," and check out [ http://k9la.us/ ] the Propagation Page of
Carl Luetzelschwab, K9LA.

 
A propagation bulletin archive [
http://arrl.org/w1aw-bulletins-archive-propagation ] is available. For
customizable propagation charts, visit the VOACAP Online for Ham Radio [
https://www.voacap.com/hf/ ] website.

 
Share [ mailto:k7ra@arrl.net ] your reports and observations.
 
A weekly, full report is posted on ARRL News [ http://www.arrl.org/news ] .

Schulman Auction Amateur Radio Equipment Specialists
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Rig Expert Take on the Air
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Preppcomm
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Just Ahead in Radiosport

�-�July 27 - 28 -- MARAC US Counties QSO Party (CW, phone)
�-�July 27 - 28 -- ARAM 50 MHz Contest (CW, phone)
�-�July 27 - 28 -- RSGB IOTA Contest (CW, phone)
�-�July 27 - 28 -- Alabama QSO Party (CW, phone)
�-�July 28 -- ARS Flight of the Bumblebees (CW)
�-�July 30 -- Worldwide Sideband Activity Contest (phone)

Visit the ARRL Contest Calendar [ http://www.arrl.org/contest-calendar ] for
more events and information.


Upcoming Section, State, and Division Conventions

�-�July 27 | ARRL West Virginia State Convention [
http://arrl.org/hamfests/arrl-west-virginia-state-convention-and-ham-fest-1 ]
, Sutton, West Virginia

�-�August 3 | Kootenai Amateur Radio Society [
http://www.arrl.org/hamfests/2024-kars-arrl-idaho-state-convention ] ,
sponsoring the ARRL Idaho State Convention, Post Falls, Idaho

�-�August 3 | Elkhart East Hamfest [
http://www.arrl.org/hamfests/elkhart-east-hamfest-arrl-central-divison-convention
] , sponsoring the ARRL Central Division Convention, Elkhart, Indiana

�-�August 4 | SVARC Berryville Hamfest [
http://www.arrl.org/hamfests/svarc-berryville-hamfest-arrl-virginia-state-convention
] , sponsoring the ARRL Virginia State Convention, Berryville, Virginia

�-�August 17 - 18 | Huntsville Hamfest [
http://www.arrl.org/hamfests/huntsville-hamfest-arrl-southeastern-division-convention-2
] , sponsoring the ARRL Southeastern Division Convention, Huntsville, Alabama

�-�August 22 - 25 | Northeast HamXposition [
http://www.arrl.org/hamfests/northeast-hamxposition-arrl-new-england-division-convention-2
] , sponsoring the ARRL New England Division Convention, Marlborough,
Massachusetts

�-�August 30 - September 1 | Shelby Hamfest [
https://www.arrl.org/hamfests/68th-annual-shelby-hamfest-arrl-north-carolina-state-convention-1
] , sponsoring the ARRL North Carolina State Convention, Shelby, North
Carolina

�-�August 31 | Summer Symposium [
https://www.arrl.org/hamfests/summer-symposium-by-the-bored-net-arrl-santa-barbara-section-convention
] , sponsoring the ARRL Santa Barbara Section Convention, Camarillo,
California

�-�September 8 | ARRL Southern New Jersey Section Convention [
https://www.arrl.org/hamfests/arrl-southern-new-jersey-section-convention-and-hamfest-2
] , Mullica Hill, New Jersey

�-�September 21 - 22 | Midwest Superfest [
https://www.arrl.org/hamfests/midwest-superfest-arrl-illinois-section-convention
] , sponsoring the ARRL Illinois Section Convention, Chillicothe, Illinois

�-�September 28 | Red River Radio Amateurs Hamfest [
https://www.arrl.org/hamfests/red-river-radio-amateurs-hamfest-arrl-dakota-division-convention
] , sponsoring the ARRL Dakota Division Convention, West Fargo, North Dakota


Search the ARRL Hamfest and Convention Database [
http://www.arrl.org/hamfests ] to find events in your area.


Have News for ARRL?
Submissions for the ARRL Letter and ARRL News can be sent to news@arrl.org [
mailto:news@arrl.org ] . -- John E. Ross, KD8IDJ, ARRL News Editor [
mailto:news@arrl.org ]


[http://www.arrl.org]


ARRL -- Your One-Stop Resource for Amateur Radio News and Information
 
Join ARRL or renew today! [ https://www.arrl.org/join ] No other organization
works harder to promote and protect amateur radio. Membership supports
benefits, services, programs, and advocacy to help you get (and stay) active
and on the air. Membership includes access to digital editions of all four
ARRL magazines [ https://www.arrl.org/magazines ] : QST, On the Air, QEX, and
NCJ.

 
Listen to ARRL Audio News [ http://www.arrl.org/arrl-audio-news ] , available
every Friday.

 
The ARRL Letter is available in an accessible format, posted weekly to the
Blind-hams Groups.io [ https://groups.io/g/blind-hams ] email group. The
group is dedicated to discussions about amateur radio as it concerns blind
hams, plus related topics including ham radio use of adaptive technology.

 
NCJ -- National Contest Journal [ http://www.ncjweb.com/ ] . Published
bimonthly, features articles by top contesters, letters, hints, statistics,
scores, NA Sprint, and QSO parties.

 
QEX -- A Forum for Communications Experimenters [ http://www.arrl.org/qex ] .
Published bimonthly, features technical articles, construction projects,
columns, and other items of interest to radio amateurs and communications
professionals.

 
Free of charge to ARRL members...
 
Subscribe [ https://home.arrl.org/action/My-Account/Opt-In-Out ] to the ARES
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Copyright �(c) 2024 American Radio Relay League, Incorporated. Use and
distribution of this publication, or any portion thereof, is permitted for
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require written permission.


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