Neanderthal hunter site shows intensive exploitation of large mammals

https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/environmental-archaeology/articles/10.3389/fearc.2025.1517568/full
Abstract
This study focuses on the Neanderthal
subsistence strategies at Cueva del Ángel,
a site in southern Spain with a
stratigraphic sequence from the Late
Middle Pleistocene. Using zooarchaeological
and taphonomic methodologies, we conducted
a diachronic analysis of over 3,500 faunal
remains to explore the exploitation
patterns of medium- and large-sized
ungulates. Results reveal a systematic and
intensive exploitation of large mammals,
particularly horses, red deer, and large
bovids, with an emphasis on high-energy
resources, such as meat and marrow. The
anatomical representation and fragmentation
patterns suggest selective hunting
strategies and an intensive use of animal
resources. Complementary resources, such as
small game, were also exploited, potentially
reflecting adaptive responses to increase
predictability and minimize risks. The
results align with other Eurasian sites from
this period, emphasizing the persistence of
large-game hunting as a core subsistence
strategy, supplemented by diversified
resources to mitigate risk. These findings
underscore a consistent and flexible
approach to resource management over time,
highlighting the adaptability of Neanderthal
subsistence strategies in Mediterranean
ecosystems.