Himalajskie dzikie rośliny medyczne, leczące wszystkie choroby

Gdy będą chętni, to znajdę tajną księgę Tradycyjnej Medycyny Chińskiej
sprzed 2000 lat
Czyli tradycyjne leki z dzikich roślin, leczące wszystkie choroby
swiata, także raka, u każdego na swiecie.
https://www.mdpi.com/2311-7524/7/10/351
The aim of current study is to provide a significant traditional
knowledge on wild medicines used for ethnoveterinary purposes in the
rural area of Maraog region in district Shimla. The medicinal plants
have played a significant role in the treatment of human as well as
animal’s diseases. The rural people of the Maraog region were
interviewed through a questionnaire and extensive field surveys were
conducted from June 2020 to July 2021. The discussion, observations and
interviews were conducted in study site and included 96 informants. The
information gathered from the residents is presented in a table format
and includes scientific and local names, different parts used, diseases
treated and mode administration. The most commonly used taxa are
calculated with used value. The study revealed 100 plants in which trees
(7), shrubs (26), herbs (56), ferns (5), grasses (3) and climbers (3)
were identified. The most commonly documented livestock diseases were
found to be hoof infections, eyes infections, poisoning and skin
infections. In the current study, the Rosaceae family was reported as
being the highest number (11), followed by Asteraceae (10) and then
Lamiaceae (6). It was found that leaves, roots, flowers and fruits are
the commonly used parts for ethnoveterinary medications. The
phytochemicals present in the plant, such as alkaloids, sterols,
glycosides, flavonoids, lignin, coumarins and terpenoids, etc., may be
responsible for their medicinal properties. In this documentation, it
was observed that the younger generation does not have good knowledge of
medicinal plants as compared to the older ones. Therefore, it is
necessary to preserve the traditional knowledge of these medicinal
plants before their permanent loss. The documentation and conservation
of medicinal plants can be a good start for novel phytopharmacological
research in the veterinary field.
Keywords:
therapeutic uses; ethnoveterinary plants; rural people; livestock
1. Introduction
Ethnoveterinary medicine is a branch of science that explores the
values, methods, skills, procedures and practices used for animal health
care [1,2,3,4]. In rural areas of the northwestern Himalaya, plants are
important for ethnic communities’ survival. As the World Health
Organization (WHO) reports, approximately 80% of the world’s population
is directly dependent on plant resources for their health, especially
those living in rural regions [5,6]. India is considered a rich source
of biodiversity, with two mega biodiversity hotspots, the Western Ghats
and Eastern Himalayas [7]. The state of Himachal Pradesh has about 3256
plant species [8]. There are 3120 species of angiosperms, 124 species of
pteridophytes and 12 species of gymnosperms in Himachal Pradesh. The
high and low hills are covered with coniferous forests, with oak trees
growing in the hollows. Firs and spruce dominate the higher elevations,
while pines cover the lower elevations. The Himachal Pradesh is rich
source of herbal medicinal plants and people of some areas are
completely dependent on these plants for their well-being. In different
reports, it was documented that aromatic and medicinal plants are used
for various therapeutic purposes [9,10,11]. It was reported that
different plants species have been used in India for medicinal purposes
and human nourishment since Vedic times [12]. Medicinal plants possess
different types of phytochemicals, such as alkaloids, flavonoid and
saponin. [13,14,15]. The different natural resources from forests such
as wild plants are used to fulfil the daily human beings’ requirements,
such as fuel, fodder and medicines [16,17]. Some wild plants yielding
fruits are major source of nutrients and economy for many communities
throughout the world [18,19]. Since ancient times, plants have been used
by the majority of tribal communities. Some causes, such as rising drug
prices and veterinary practices, have suddenly increased interest in the
field of ethnoveterinary research [20]. People acquire ethnoveterinary
information through several years of experience and only orally pass it
on from generation to generation (oral tradition). With rapid cultural
changes and modernization, this traditional information is being loss
[21]. Therefore, there is an urgent need to for scientific documentation
of traditional information from rural areas of India [22]. Different
types of ethnoveterinary research on the use of plants in therapeutic
studies have been conducted around the world [23]. Ethnoveterinary
traditional knowledge is applied for the health care system of domestic
animals [24,25]. In India, since the Vedic era, plants have been used in
veterinary treatment [26,27,28]. The current study documented a large
number of wild plants with medicinal properties and therapeutic
applications which are still unknown from Maraog region in Shimla
district. In this context, it is important to conduct the extensive
field surveys in unexplored regions that document the ethnoveterinary
knowledge, because rapid urbanization and the greater use of synthetic
drugs or medicines and culture variations may contribute to the loss of
traditional knowledge from society. In addition, it can also provide
important information for the selection of natural alternatives for
treating livestock diseases and finding new drugs. Therefore, an attempt
has been performed to document some useful indigenous knowledge of
ethnoveterinary uses of plants from the rural region of Maraog in
district Shimla of Himachal Pradesh, India. It was observed that due to
modernization in the society, new generation of the study area is not
interested in traditional knowledge; hence, the compilation of these
ethnoveterinary plants is need of time. The usefulness of
ethnopharmacology for drug development will be severely limited due to a
lack of regional knowledge base concerning medicinal plants that can be
exploited in veterinary ethnopharmacology. This study was conducted in
the Shimla district of Maraog region in order to preserve the
traditional knowledge of medicinal plants. The primary aim of this
research was to collect and document the local traditional knowledge of
ethnoveterinary plants used by native people of study site.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Description of the Study Area
The survey was carried out in Maraog region in tehsil Chopal of Shimla
district. Maraog region is a rural area in Shimla district of Himachal
Pradesh with a diverse ecological, archaeological, religious,
mythological and spiritual community Figure 1. Chopal forest division is
divided into 7 forest ranges and has 73 forest beats and 22 forest
blocks [29]. Agriculture and farming are the primary occupations of the
residents of the district. Apple, maize, green vegetables and potato are
the chief cultivation crops grown in the study region. The animals such
as sheep, goats, cows and buffalos are popular at the study site and
provide meat, milk and milk products for rural people in Shimla
district.
Horticulturae 07 00351 g001 550
Figure 1. Scale map of study site.
2.2. Sampling Informants
During a survey, a total of 96 informants (57 male and 39 female) were
selected for interview. The age and educational background of informants
were documented during interview. The informants were divided into 5
groups on the basis of their age (Table 1). In this study, it is
discovered that aged people have immense traditional knowledge of
ethnoveterinary plants as compared to younger generation.
Table 1. Demography and literacy among informants.
Table
2.3. Ethnoveterinary Data Collection and Ethical Considerations
The ethnoveterinary data were collected from Maraog region in district
Shimla, Himachal Pradesh India. A total of 96 male and female informants
were selected by snowball methods for interviews. The ethnoveterinary
data were collected through pretested questionnaire, observation,
interviews and participatory observations [30,31]. The extensive field
visits were used to collect ethnoveterinary data from unexplored rural
area of Maraog in tehsil Chopal of Shimla district, Himachal Pradesh,
India. For ethnoveterinary survey questionnaire was divided into 3
sections: demographic data, ethnoveterinary plant uses and informant’s
declaration. The ethnoveterinary plants species collected from Maraog
region in between 2020 to 2021 and they were identified from Botanical
Survey of India, Dehradun Uttarakhand, India. The identified plant
specimens with voucher numbers were submitted to the herbarium of
Shoolini University, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India.
Questionnaire for Conducting the Ethnoveterinary Study
The authors followed a specific questionnaire for conducting this study,
as given in Supplementary Information S1.
2.4. Data Analysis
Ethnoveterinary data were collected by snowball method and selected 96
informants (male and female) from Maraog region in tehsil Chopal. The
ethnoveterinary data were analyzed through used value.
Use Value
The use value is an ethnobotanical key that has been used to calculate
the relative value of useful plant species [32,33].
UV = Σ Ui /n
where Ui is the number of usage reports cited by each informer for a
given plants and n is total number of informants. The use value is
important to find which plants are most useful to specific inhabitants,
estimating possible medicinal plant uses and determining community
awareness [34,35]. It has been mentioned that use value places more
significance to plants which have various uses, even if these species
are not well identified [36]. A high use value indicates that the plant
is important, while a low or zero use value indicates that the plant is
rarely used or recorded. There is no indication in the use value whether
the plant is used for one or more purposes [37].
3. Results
3.1. Ethnoveterinary Plants Reported by the Informants
In study site a total of 96 informants reported 100 plant species used
for ethnoveterinary purposes. In this study, it was found that Rosaceae,
Asteraceae and Lamiaceae were the highest reported families by rural
people of Maraog. The Rosaceae family had 11 plant species, followed by
Asteraceae family with 10 plants and the Lamiaceae family with 6 plants;
the Apiaceae, Brassicaceae and Solanaceae families each contributed 3
plant species, while the Fabaceae and Polygonaceae families each
contributed 4 plant species; the Amaranthaceae, Berberidaceae,
Oxalidaceae, Pinaceae, Poaceae, Primulaceae, Pteridaceae, Ranunculaceae,
Scrophulariaceae and Utricaceae contributed 2 plant species (Figure 2).
Horticulturae 07 00351 g002 550
Figure 2. Representation of the families and number of plants studied at
study site.
Some ethnomedicinal plants in the study area are well known for
ethnoveterinary purpose was found as Chenopodium album, Cannabis sativa,
Cynodon dactylon, Bromus hordeaceus, Cedrus deodara, Ajuga parviflora,
Foeniculum vulgare, Sonchus oleraceus and Urtica dioica. The documented
plants include 56 herbs, 26 shrubs, 7 trees, 5 ferns, 3 climbers and 3
grasses (Figure 3).
Horticulturae 07 00351 g003 550
Figure 3. Growth forms of plant species at study site.
As shown in Figure 4, the rhizome, tubers and buds were the least
frequently documented plant parts used in ethnoveterinary purpose.
Horticulturae 07 00351 g004 550
Figure 4. Representation of the number of citations of plant parts used.
3.2. Use Value of Medicinal Plants
It was found that few plant species have greater used value Cannabis
sativa (0.79), Cynodon dactylon (0.75), Datura stramonium (0.71),
Rhododendron arboreum (0.71), Chenopodium album (0.69), Hedera
nepalensis (0.68), Mentha viridis (0.65) and Viola canescens (0.63).
Different plant parts roots, leaves, stem, rhizoids and tubers, etc.,
are used to treat a variety of livestock diseases. A total of 100 plants
were documented for ethnoveterinary preparations in rural region of
Maraog. In discussion with aged people, they reported skin infections,
mouth blisters, diarrhea, gastrointestinal disorders, cuts, udder
infections and eye disorders were the most commonly found symptoms in
livestock. The most popular methods of preparation include the use of
leaf paste, infusion and decoction, with other methods such as wood ash
being recorded less frequently. According to the data collected from the
informants, it was found that the mode of administration can be oral or
topical and certain plants can be used both orally and topically to
treat livestock diseases. The majority of preparations use a single
plant, with just a few combining multiple plant species.
Table 2 describes all plants reported with their botanical name, family,
habit, parts used and ailment treated.
Table 2. Ethnomedicinal plants used in study area.
Table
4. Discussion
4.1. Ethnoveterinary Prospective of Wild Plants
Ethnopharmacological studies are an important step in the development of
natural-source drugs. Today, around 65% of Indian people are dependent
on the medicinal plants [38]. Traditional knowledge of medicinal plant
use, wild crafting and preservation promotes research for novel drugs,
as well as the time effectiveness [39,40,41,42]. Medicinal plants have
the capability to treat both infectious and noninfectious diseases and
not only used to treat human diseases, but are also frequently utilized
to treat animal ailments [43,44,45,46]. The primary goal of the
ethnoveterinary study is to compile a list of plant species that have
ethnoveterinary applications in the unexplored region of tehsil Chopal
in district Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, India. In earlier studies, all
over the world, it was documented that those medicinal plants show
significant role in the human being healthcare system, as well as that
of animals. They are easily available from nature, without any cost
[47,48,49]. The documentation of ethnobotanical studies from rural and
unexplored areas of all over the world is highly significant for future
researchers [49,50,51]. In ethnoveterinary practices, plants are used
for the treatment of diseases due to reduced number of side effects
[52,53]. Ethnoveterinary medicines are easily available from
surroundings without much effort [2,22]. In this study, it was found
that Rosaceae family is the most frequently mentioned species from
Maraog region in Shimla district. The Rosaceae plants have traditionally
used to treat skin diseases, intestinal disorders, hoof infections and
eye infections. In relation to shrubs and trees, herbaceous plants were
used most frequently in the Maraog region. In various studies, all over
the world, it was reported that different medicinal plants possess
different types of phytochemicals. Phytochemical components present in
different plant species are the most significant method for identifying
the active medicinal potential of plants [54,55,56,57]. The
concentration of phytochemicals in plant species varies according to
geographical variations [58,59,60]. In ethnobotanical studies, it was
reported that aged people have great traditional knowledge as compared
to younger generation due to western culture followed by new generation
[21,61]. The study, conducted in different regions of India, proved that
new generation is not interested in traditional knowledge due to
socioeconomic and cultural changes in the society [62]. The use value is
a quantitative method that determines the relative importance of plant
species for societies [63]. The most commonly used species had a high
use value, showing that they are significant. The species with high use
values found in this study had previously been scientifically well-known
for their phytochemical composition and medicinal value. Saponins,
tannins, flavonoids and phenolic compounds are among the chemical
compounds contained in Chenopodium album, which are responsible for its
antimicrobial activity [64]. The Cannabinoids, which have
anti-inflammatory properties, are contained in the chemical components
of Cannabis sativa [65]. The phytochemical study of Cynodon dactylon
revealed details of flavonoids, alkaloids, glycosides, tannins,
saponins, volatile oils and flavonoids, which are responsible for its
dermatological and anti-inflammatory action [66]. Similarly phenolic
acids, flavonoids (quercetin, rutin) and alkaloids like berberine,
berbamine, palmatine, columbamine, jatrorrhizine, oxyacanthine in
Berberis aristata, Alkaloids like berberine, berbamine, chenabine,
karakoramine, palmatine, baluchistanamine, gilgitine, jhelumine,
punjabine, sindamine in Berberis lycium [67], pentadecanoic acid,
hexadecanoic acid, heptadecanoic acid, octadecanoic acid, eicosanoic
acid, steroids, amino acids (glycine, histidine) and flavonoids (tricin,
kaempferol, quercetin) in Capsella bursa-pastoris [68], alkaloids
(atropine, hyoscyamine, scopolamine), glycosides, saponins and tannins
in Datura stramonium [69], flavonoids, terpenoids, alkaloids,
carbohydrates, proteins, amino acids, steroids (phytosterols), saponins
and tannins in Equisetum arvense [70], glyxylic acid, oxalic acid,
vitexin, isovitexin, netural lipids, glycolipids, vitamin c,
phaspholipids, fatty acids and tocopherols in Oxalis corniculate [67].
Nepalin, nepodin and rumicin in Rumex hastatus, flavonoids (catechin,
epicatechin, rutin), phenolic acids (caffeic acid, gallic acid,
protocatechuic acid), fatty acids (linoleic acid 67.9%), carbohydrates
(polysaccharides) in Solanum nigrum [70], taraxacin, taraxacerine,
cerylalcohol, lactuce-roltaraxacin, choline, inulin, tannin, etereal
oil, vitamin C, xanthophylls, potassium and vitamin A in Taraxacum
officinale [67], alkaloids (betaine, choline), amino acids,
carbohydrates, protein polymer (neutral and acidic), carotenoids
(carotenes) and saponins in Urtica dioica [71]. Curculigenin in
Curculigo orchioides [72], caryophyllene oxide, β-Caryophyllene,
germacrene, β-Pinene in Juglans regia [55]. All of these compounds show
antibacterial, antidiabetic, wound healing, hepatoprotective and
anti-inflammatory activities. The majority of medicinal preparations use
only one plant species, but certain medications are made with two or
more plants, which improve their therapeutic effectiveness [73,74]. In
the current findings, it was observed that the most frequently used
plant parts were leaves followed by flowers, roots and fruits, etc. Due
to harsh environmental conditions and non-availability of veterinary
facilities at higher altitudes, the rural people of high altitude in
Himachal Pradesh used traditional remedies to treat their livestock’s
illnesses [21,50].
4.2. Prospects of Using Wild Plant Species in Horticulture
The inhabitants were using the different plant species not only to feed
and treat the diseases of their livestock, but also to nurture
themselves. Plant species like Rubus niveus, Rubus ellipticus, Pyrus
pashia, Prinsepia utilis, Berberis lycium, Elaeagnus umbellata and
Juglans regia are well known for their fruit yields [18,75,76,77,78,79].
J. regia and P. pashia are important fruiting plants as they are
employed by inhabitants for their fruit production, which is a good
source of their income [19,80]. The oil extracts of P. utilis are
consumed by locals and the remaining part of the fruit is used for
feeding the cattle along with other dietary products [81,82,83]. It was
also observed that some plant species and their products were used by
locals for different agricultural and horticultural activities. The
organic manure was prepared by using plants like Amaranthus blitum,
Artemisia vestita, Bromus hordeaceus, Cannabis sativa, Capsella
bursa-pastoris, Erigeron bonariensis, Fagopyrum acutatum, Sonchus asper
and Urtica dioica along with cattle dung. The use of cannabis manure has
been reported to be effective in removing harmful soil elements [84].
The plant residues were also used in the preparation of vermiwash, which
is used in various agricultural and horticultural activities [85]. The
paste of roots of Cirsium arvense and Rubus ellipticus was practiced to
remove the root borer from the apple plant in the study region. Many
researchers have reported on Rubus ellipticus for its antimicrobial
activities and the extraction of silver nanoparticles which act as
pathogen destroyers and root enhancers [86]. Inhabitants also showed
that mulching their plant nursery with branches of Cedrus deodara and
Abies pindrow was also beneficial in retaining moisture in the soil,
keeping pests away and controlling weeds. Some plants were difficult to
find in the wild and some was used to enhance their economy therefore,
people have started cultivation of such species in their fields. For
instance, P. pashia is used for the establishment of pear orchards and
this species is abundant in the wild and locals collect their seeds and
grow them in their fields. Similarly, it was difficult to collect herbs
such as Valeriana jatamansi and Bergenia ciliata, so they are grown by
the villagers in their gardens. These approaches to preserving wild
plants have been employed by many communities throughout the world
[87,88,89,90].
Therefore, proper documentation, conservation and pharmaceutical studies
are needed to find some important medicinal plants from unexplored
regions of Himachal Pradesh in India. In the literature study, it was
found that Aruncus dioicus, Asplenium dalhousiae, Galinsoga
quadriradiata, Gentiana argentea, Malva pusilla, Silene vulgaris and
Viburnum grandiflorum were documented for the first time for
ethnoveterinary purposes from the study area of Maraog region in Shimla
district, Himachal Pradesh, India. Future pharmacological studies for
the illnesses suggested by current survey respondents could be
particularly interesting for these species. Increased interest in the
chemical profile and biological activity of these species is expected as
a result of this new knowledge. Their significance lies in the
possibilities of discovering new medical plant uses and herbal therapies
in veterinary medicine.
5. Conclusions
The rural people of Maraog region in tehsil Chopal of district Shimla in
Himachal Pradesh, India, used ethnoveterinary plants to treat their
livestock diseases. The current study documents the ethnoveterinary
medicines, which can be used as a database for scientific research
studies in the future. It was observed that, from all categories of
plants, herbs and shrubs were the most documented ethnoveterinary plants
by the native informants of study site. In this study, most of the
plants are first time documented for ethnoveterinary purposes from
Maraog region in tehsil Chopal of district Shimla, so its urgent need to
document different medicinal plants from unexplored regions of Himachal
Pradesh. In the study area, internally and externally medicinal
formulations were used to treat livestock illnesses. The male informants
of the study site possess good traditional knowledge as compared to the
female informants. The rural people reported that new generation is not
much interested in traditional knowledge due to the social, cultural and
modernization, so it is urgently needed to document and conserve
ethnomedicinal plants used for both human and livestock diseases in the
rural areas of Shimla district, Himachal Pradesh, India.
Supplementary Materials
The following are available online at
https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/horticulturae7100351/s1,
Supplementary Information S1: (A) Demographic Data, (B) Ethnoveterinary
Plant Uses and (C) Informants Declaration.
Author Contributions
Conceptualization, Resources, Supervision, writing—original draft
preparation: M.K., S.D., R., S.S. and S.P. (Sunil Puri); Methodology,
Investigation and writing—original draft preparation: P.P., R., A.P.,
R.J., M.A. (Mansoor Ali), M.T., N.K., S.P. (Suraj Prakash), S.R. (Sonia
Rathour) and S.J.; Software, writing—review and editing and Formal
Analysis: S.P.B., D.C., C.S., S.R. (Sureshkumar Rajalingam), M.S., S.D.,
S.S., S.C., S.N., M.K.S., R.D.D., M.A. (M. Alblihed), A.F.E.-k. and
M.M.A.-D.; Visualization: S.P.B., M.K. and M.S. All authors have read
and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Funding
This research received no external funding.
Institutional Review Board Statement
Not applicable.
Informed Consent Statement
Not applicable.
Data Availability Statement
Data is contained within the article or Supplementary Materials.
Acknowledgments
The authors are highly thankful to BSI, Dehradun for identification of
plant samples. This work was supported by the Taif University
Researchers Supporting Program (Project number: TURSP-2020/93), Taif
University, Saudi Arabia. Also, the authors would like to thank the
Deanship of Scientific Research at King Khalid University, Abha, KSA for
funding this work under Grant number (R.G.P.2/47/42).
Conflicts of Interest
The authors confirm no conflict of interest.
References
    Barboza, R.R.; De MS Souto, W.; Da S Mourão, J. The use of
zootherapeutics in folk veterinary medicine in the district of Cubati,
Paraíba State, Brazil. J. Ethnobiol. Ethnomed. 2007, 3, 1–14. [Google
Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
    McGaw, L.J.; Famuyide, I.M.; Khunoana, E.T.; Aremu, A.O.
Ethnoveterinary botanical medicine in South Africa: A review of research
from the last decade (2009 to 2019). J. Ethnopharmacol. 2020, 257,
112864. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
    Greene, A.M.; Panyadee, P.; Inta, A.; Huffman, M.A. Asian elephant
self-medication as a source of ethnoveterinary knowledge among Karen
mahouts in northern Thailand. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2020, 259, 112823.
[Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
    Oliveira, M.; Hoste, H.; Custódio, L. A systematic review on the
ethnoveterinary uses of mediterranean salt-tolerant plants: Exploring
its potential use as fodder, nutraceuticals or phytotherapeutics in
ruminant production. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2020, 267, 113464. [Google
Scholar] [CrossRef]
    World Health Organization. World Health Organization General
Guidelines for Methodologies on Research and Evaluation of Traditional
Medicine; WHO: Geneva, Switzerland, 2000. [Google Scholar]
    Dhiman, N.; Shivani, Y.S.T.; Kumar, S. Diversity of ethnomedicinal
plants in Churdhar Wildlife Sanctuary of district Sirmour of Himachal
Pradesh, India. J. Appl. Pharm. Sci. 2019, 9, 48–53. [Google Scholar]
    Tangjang, S.; Namsa, N.D.; Aran, C.; Litin, A. An ethnobotanical
survey of medicinal plants in the Eastern Himalayan zone of Arunachal
Pradesh, India. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2011, 134, 18–25. [Google Scholar]
[CrossRef] [PubMed]
    Saunders, R.M. Monograph of Schisandra (Schisandraceae); American
Society of Plant Taxonomists: Ann Arbor, MI, USA, 2000. [Google Scholar]
    Sharma, V. Diversity of Plant and Soil Nematodes in Uttarakhand,
India. In Pests of Forest Importance & Their Management; Tyagi, B.K.,
Veer, V., Prakash, S., Eds.; Scientific Publishers: Jodhpur, India,
2008; p. 251. [Google Scholar]
    Mekhemar, M.; Geib, M.; Kumar, M.; Radha, S.P.; Hassan, Y.; Dörfer,
C. Salvadora persica: Nature’s Gift for Periodontal Health. Antioxidants
2021, 10, 712. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    Kumar, M.; Changan, S.; Tomar, M.; Prajapati, U.; Saurabh, V.;
Hasan, M.; Sasi, M.; Maheshwari, C.; Singh, S.; Dhumal, S.; et al.
Custard apple (Annona squamosal L.) leaves: Nutritional composition,
phytochemical profile, and health-promoting biological activities.
Biomolecules 2021, 11, 614. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    Wani, Z.A.; Kumar, N. Akash Ethnobotanical Study of Some Threatened
Plants in District Baramulla, Kashmir, Jammu and Kashmir, India. Int. J.
Curr. Res. Biosci. Plant Biol. 2016, 3, 58–64. [Google Scholar]
[CrossRef]
    Pandey, D.K.; Dey, A. A validated and densitometric HPTLC method for
the simultaneous quantification of reserpine and ajmalicine in Rauvolfia
serpentina and Rauvolfia tetraphylla. Rev. Bras. Farm. 2016, 26,
553–557. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
    Radha, S.P.; Puri, S. Assessment of wild medicinal plant used by
migratory shepherds in alpine area of Rakchham-Chitkul Wildlife
Sanctuary of district Kinnaur in Himachal Pradesh. Plant Arch. 2019, 19,
418–429. [Google Scholar]
    Kumar, M.; Tomar, M.; Punia, S.; Grasso, S.; Arrutia, F.; Choudhary,
J.; Singh, S.; Verma, P.; Mahapatra, A.; Patil, S.; et al. Cottonseed: A
sustainable contributor to global protein requirements. Trends Food Sci.
Technol. 2021, 111, 100–113. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
    Radha, S.P.; Chauhan, P.; Puri, S.; Sharma, A.K.; Pundir, A. A study
of wild medicinal plants used in Nargu Wildlife Sanctuary of district
Mandi in Himachal Pradesh, India. J. Appl. Pharm. Sci. 2021, 11,
135–144. [Google Scholar]
    Singh, R.P.; Prakash, S.; Bhatia, R.; Negi, M.; Singh, J.; Bishnoi,
M.; Kondepudi, K.K. Generation of structurally diverse pectin
oligosaccharides having prebiotic attributes. Food Hydrocoll. 2020, 108,
105988. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
    Maikhuri, R.K.; Semwal, R.L.; Singh, A.; Nautiyal, M.C. Wild fruits
as a contribution to sustainable rural development: A case study from
the Garhwal Himalaya. Int. J. Sustain. Dev. World Ecol. 1994, 1, 56–68.
[Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
    Singh, V.; Dasgupta, S.; Jhaldiyal, V.; Chauhan, D.; Todaria, N.
Diversity pattern of vegetation in and around proposed Kotlibhel
hydroelectric project along the Alaknanda River in Garhwal Himalaya
(India). iForest Biogeosci. For. 2011, 4, 38–43. [Google Scholar]
[CrossRef] [Green Version]
    Monteiro, M.V.; Bevilaqua, C.M.; Palha, M.D.; Braga, R.R.; Schwanke,
K.; Rodrigues, S.T.; Lameira, O.A. Ethnoveterinary knowledge of the
inhabitants of Marajó Island, Eastern Amazonia, Brazil. Acta Amaz. 2011,
41, 233–242. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
    Radha, S.P.; Pundir, A. Survey of wild medicinal plants used by
migratory shepherds in Summer Hill of District Shimla in Himachal
Pradesh. Bio Bull. 2019, 5, 18–24. [Google Scholar]
    Mathias, E. Ethnoveterinary medicine in the era of evidence-based
medicine: Mumbo-jumbo, or a valuable resource? Vet. J. 2006, 173,
241–242. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    Ritter, R.A.; Monteiro, M.V.B.; Monteiro, F.; Rodrigues, S.T.;
Soares, M.L.; Silva, J.C.R.; Palha, M.D.D.C.; Biondi, G.F.; Rahal, S.;
Tourinho, M.M. Ethnoveterinary knowledge and practices at Colares
island, Pará state, eastern Amazon, Brazil. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2012,
144, 346–352. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
    Khattak, N.S.; Nouroz, F.; Rahman, I.U.; Noreen, S. Ethnoveterinary
uses of medicinal plants of district Karak, Pakistan. J. Ethnopharmacol.
2015, 171, 273–279. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
    González, J.A.; Vallejo, J.R. The use of domestic animals and their
derivative products in contemporary Spanish ethnoveterinary medicine. J.
Ethnopharmacol. 2021, 271, 113900. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
    Bhandari, P.R.; Mukerji, B. Role of indigenous drugs in veterinary
medicine in India. Indian Vet. J. 1958, 1, 55. [Google Scholar]
    Mazars, G. Traditional veterinary medicine in India. Rev. Sci. Tech.
1994, 13, 443–451. [Google Scholar]
    Assefa, A.; Bahiru, A. Ethnoveterinary botanical survey of medicinal
plants in Abergelle, Sekota and Lalibela districts of Amhara region,
Northern Ethiopia. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2018, 213, 340–349. [Google
Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    Singh, J.; Singh, J.; Sharma, D. Traditional wisdom to treat the
most common ailments in Chopal region of Shimla district, Himachal
Pradesh, India. Plant Arch. 2018, 18, 2759–2769. [Google Scholar]
    Jain, S.K. Ethnobotany. Interdiscip. Sci. Rev. 1986, 11, 285–292.
[Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
    Namsa, N.D.; Tag, H.; Mandal, M.; Kalita, P.; Das, A. An
ethnobotanical study of traditional anti-inflammatory plants used by the
Lohit community of Arunachal Pradesh, India. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2009,
125, 234–245. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
    Phillips, O.; Gentry, A.H. The useful plants of Tambopata, Peru: I.
Statistical hypotheses tests with a new quantitative technique. Econ.
Bot. 1993, 47, 15–32. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
    Rossato, S.C.; Leitao-Filho, H.; Gegossi, A. Ethnobotany of Caicaras
of the Atlantic Forest coast (Brazil). Econ. Bot. 1999, 53, 387–395.
[Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
    Albuquerque, U.P.; Lucena, R.F.; Monteiro, J.M.; Florentino, A.T.;
Cecília de Fátima, C.B.R. Evaluating Two Quantitative Ethnobotanical
Techniques. Ethnobot. Res. Appl. 2006, 4, 51–60. [Google Scholar]
[CrossRef] [Green Version]
    Yabesh, J.M.; Prabhu, S.; Vijayakumar, S. An ethnobotanical study of
medicinal plants used by traditional healers in silent valley of Kerala,
India. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2014, 154, 774–789. [Google Scholar]
[CrossRef] [PubMed]
    Da Silva, V.A.; Andrade, L.D.; De Albuquerque, U.P. Revising the
cultural significance index: The case of the Fulni-ô in northeastern
Brazil. Field Methods 2006, 18, 98–108. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
    Musa, M.S.; Abdelrasool, F.E.; Elsheikh, E.A.; Ahmed, L.A.; Mahmoud,
A.L.; Yagi, S.M. Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants in the Blue
Nile State, South-eastern Sudan. J. Med. Plants Res. 2011, 5, 4287–4297.
[Google Scholar]
    Radha, S.P.; Puri, S.; Pundir, A. Review on Ethnomedicinal Plant:
Trillium govanianum Wall. Ex, D. Don. Int. J. Theor. Appl. Sci. 2019,
11, 4–9. [Google Scholar]
    Lans, C. Possible similarities between the folk medicine
historically used by First Nations and American Indians in North America
and the ethnoveterinary knowledge currently used in British Columbia,
Canada. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2016, 192, 53–66. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
[PubMed]
    Stucki, K.; Dal Cero, M.; Vogl, C.R.; Ivemeyer, S.; Meier, B.;
Maeschli, A.; Hamburger, M.; Walkenhorst, M. Ethnoveterinary
contemporary knowledge of farmers in pre-alpine and alpine regions of
the Swiss cantons of Bern and Lucerne compared to ancient and recent
literature–is there a tradition? J. Ethnopharmacol. 2019, 234, 225–244.
[Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
    Abo-EL-Sooud, K. Ethnoveterinary perspectives and promising future.
Int. J. Vet. Sci. Med. 2018, 6, 1–7. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
    Marković, M.S.; Pljevljakušić, D.S.; Nikolić, B.M.; Miladinović,
D.L.; Djokić, M.M.; Rakonjac, L.B.; Jovanović, V.P.S. Ethnoveterinary
knowledge in Pirot County (Serbia). S. Afr. J. Bot. 2021, 137, 278–289.
[Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
    González, J.A.; Amich, F.; Postigo-Mota, S.; Vallejo, J.R. The use
of wild vertebrates in contemporary Spanish ethnoveterinary medicine. J.
Ethnopharmacol. 2016, 191, 135–151. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
    Miara, M.D.; Bendif, H.; Ouabed, A.; Rebbas, K.; Hammou, M.A.;
Amirat, M.; Greene, A.; Teixidor-Toneu, I. Ethnoveterinary remedies used
in the Algerian steppe: Exploring the relationship with traditional
human herbal medicine. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2019, 244, 112164. [Google
Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    Radha, S.P.; Puri, S.; Kumar, V. Phytochemical screening of
medicinal plants used by tribal migratory shepherds in Western Himalaya.
Ann. Biol. 2019, 35, 11–14. [Google Scholar]
    Radha, S.P.; Kumar, M.; Puri, S.; Pundir, A.; Bangar, S.P.; Changan,
S.; Choudhary, P.; Parameswari, E.; Alhariri, A.; Samota, M.K.; et al.
Evaluation of nutritional, phytochemical, and mineral composition of
selected medicinal plants for therapeutic uses from Cold Desert of
Western Himalaya. Plants 2021, 10, 1429. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
    Njoroge, G.N.; Bussmann, R.W. Herbal usage and informant consensus
in ethnoveterinary management of cattle diseases among the Kikuyus
(Central Kenya). J. Ethnopharmacol. 2006, 108, 332–339. [Google Scholar]
[CrossRef]
    Grade, J.T.; Tabuti, J.R.; Van Damme, P. Ethnoveterinary knowledge
in pastoral Karamoja, Uganda. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2009, 122, 273–923.
[Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
    Dilshad, S.M.; Iqbal, Z.; Muhammad, G.; Iqbal, A.; Ahmed, N. An
inventory of the ethnoveterinary practices for reproductive disorders in
cattle and buffaloes, Sargodha district of Pakistan. J. Ethnopharmacol.
2008, 117, 393–402. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
    Radha, S.P.; Pundir, A. Survey of ethnomedicinal plants used by
migratory shepherds in Shimla district of Himachal Pradesh. Plant Arch.
2019, 19, 477–482. [Google Scholar]
    Radha, S.P.; Puri, S. Study of wild medicinal plants used by tribal
migratory shepherds in hills of Shimla District, Himachal Pradesh. Plant
Arch. 2019, 19, 785–790. [Google Scholar]
    Alawa, J.; Jokthan, G.; Akut, K. Ethnoveterinary medical practice
for ruminants in the subhumid zone of northern Nigeria. Prev. Veter.
Med. 2002, 54, 79–90. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
    Tabuti, J.R.; Dhillion, S.S.; Lye, K.A. Ethnoveterinary medicines
for cattle (Bos indicus) in Bulamogi county, Uganda: Plant species and
mode of use. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2003, 88, 279–286. [Google Scholar]
[CrossRef]
    Radha, S.P.; Janjua, S.; Srivastava, S.; Negi, V. Ethnobotanical
study of medicinal plants used in Shikari Devi Wildlife Sanctuary of
Himachal Pradesh, India. Med. Plants 2020, 12, 666–673. [Google Scholar]
    Kumar, M.; Prakash, S.; Radha, S.P.; Kumari, N.; Pundir, A.; Punia,
S.; Saurabh, V.; Choudhary, P.; Changan, S.; Dhumal, S.; et al.
Beneficial role of antioxidant secondary metabolites from medicinal
plants in maintaining oral health. Antioxidants 2021, 10, 1061. [Google
Scholar] [CrossRef]
    Kumar, M.; Tomar, M.; Saurabh, V.; Sasi, M.; Punia, S.; Potkule, J.;
Maheshwari, C.; Changan, S.; Radha, S.P.; Bhushan, B.; et al.
Delineating the inherent functional descriptors and biofunctionalities
of pectic polysaccharides. Carbohydr. Polym. 2021, 269, 118319. [Google
Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    Kumar, M.; Potkule, J.; Patil, S.; Mageshwaran, V.; Radha, S.P.;
Satankar, V.; Berwal, M.K.; Mahapatra, A.; Saxena, S.; Ashtaputre, N.;
et al. Evaluation of detoxified cottonseed protein isolate for
application as food supplement. Toxin Rev. 2021, 13, 1–8. [Google
Scholar] [CrossRef]
    Sauerwein, M.; Shimomura, K. Degradation of 17α-O-methylyohimbine in
Amsonia elliptica roots. Phytochemistry 1991, 30, 1449–1450. [Google
Scholar] [CrossRef]
    Arabhosseini, A.; Huisman, W.; Van Boxtel, A.; Müller, J. Long-term
effects of drying conditions on the essential oil and color of tarragon
leaves during storage. J. Food Eng. 2007, 79, 561–566. [Google Scholar]
[CrossRef]
    Karabulut, I.; Topcu, A.; Duran, A.; Turan, S.; Ozturk, B. Effect of
hot air drying and sun drying on color values and β-carotene content of
apricot (Prunus armenica L.). LWT Food Sci. Technol. 2007, 40, 753–758.
[Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
    Radha, S.P.; Puri, S. Phytochemical analysis of ethanolic extracts
of leaves of some selected medicinal plants used by tribal community of
Sangla Valley, District Kinnaur, Himachal Pradesh. Plant Arch. 2019, 19,
397–403. [Google Scholar]
    Jagtap, S.; Deokule, S.; Bhosle, S. Some unique ethnomedicinal uses
of plants used by the Korku tribe of Amravati district of Maharashtra,
India. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2006, 107, 463–469. [Google Scholar]
[CrossRef]
    Vendruscolo, G.S.; Mentz, L.A. Study of the concordance of the
citations of use and importance of the species and families used as
medicinal by the community of the Ponta Grossa neighborhood, Porto
Alegre, RS, Brazil. Acta Bot. Bras. 2006, 20, 367–382. [Google Scholar]
[CrossRef] [Green Version]
    Al-Snafi, A.E. The chemical constituents and pharmacological effects
of Chenopodium album—An overview. Int. J. Pharmacol. Screen. Methods
2015, 5, 10–17. [Google Scholar]
    Shakil, S.S.; Gowan, M.; Hughes, K.; Azam, M.N.; Ahmed, M.N. A
narrative review of the ethnomedicinal usage of Cannabis sativa Linnaeus
as traditional phytomedicine by folk medicine practitioners of
Bangladesh. J. Cannabis Res. 2021, 3, 1–2. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
    Al-Snafi, A.E. Chemical constituents and pharmacological effects of
Cynodon dactylon—A Review. IOSR J. Pharm. (IOSRPHR) 2016, 6, 17–31.
[Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
    Abbasi, A.M.; Khan, M.A.; Ahmad, M.; Zafar, M.; Khan, H.; Muhammad,
N.; Sultana, S. Medicinal plants used for the treatment of jaundice and
hepatitis based on socio-economic documentation. Afr. J. Biotechnol.
2009, 8. [Google Scholar]
    Al-Snafi, A.E. The chemical constituents and pharmacological effects
of Capsella bursa-pastoris—A review. Int. J. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 2015,
5, 76–81. [Google Scholar]
    Al-Snafi, A.E. The pharmacology of Equisetum arvense—A review. IOSR
J. Pharm. (IOSRPHR) 2017, 7, 31–42. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
    Singh, K.; Lal, B. Ethnomedicines used against four common ailments
by the tribal communities of Lahaul-Spiti in western Himalaya. J.
Ethnopharmacol. 2008, 115, 147–159. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
    Chauhan, R.; Ruby, K.M.; Shori, A.; Dwivedi, J. Solanum nigrum with
dynamic therapeutic role: A review. Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Res. 2012, 15,
65–71. [Google Scholar]
    Girish, C.; Pradhan, S. Indian herbal medicines in the treatment of
liver diseases: Problems and promises. Fundam. Clin. Pharmacol. 2012,
26, 180–189. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    Giday, M.; Teklehaymanot, T.; Animut, A.; Mekonnen, Y. Medicinal
plants of the Shinasha, Agew-awi and Amhara peoples in northwest
Ethiopia. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2007, 110, 516–525. [Google Scholar]
[CrossRef] [PubMed]
    Muthu, C.; Ayyanar, M.; Raja, N.; Ignacimuthu, S. Medicinal plants
used by traditional healers in Kancheepuram District of Tamil Nadu,
India. J. Ethnobiol. Ethnomed. 2006, 2, 1–10. [Google Scholar]
[CrossRef] [Green Version]
    Nesello, L.A.; Beleza, M.L.; Mariot, M.; Mariano, L.N.; De Souza,
P.; Campos, A.; Cechinel-Filho, V.; Andrade, S.F.; Da Silva, L.M.
Gastroprotective value of berries: Evidences from methanolic extracts of
Morus nigra and Rubus niveus fruits. Gastroenterol. Res. Pract. 2017,
2017, 7089697. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
    Rahimi Madiseh, M.; Heidarian, E.; Rafieian-Kopaei, M. Biochemical
components of Berberis lycium fruit and its effects on lipid profile in
diabetic rats. J. HerbMed Pharmacol. 2014, 3, 15–19. [Google Scholar]
    Chauhan, P.S.; Bisht, S.; Ahmed, S. Traditional and ethnobotanical
uses of medicinal trees in district Tehri Garhwal (Western Himalayas).
Int. J. Ayurvedic Herb. Med. 2017, 7, 2442–2448. [Google Scholar]
    Singh, J.; Dhupper, R.; Sharma, S. Survey of ethnomedicinal plants
used by indigenous people of Nerwa range, Chopal forest division,
Himachal Pradesh, India. Med. Plants Int. J. Phytomed. Relat. Ind. 2020,
12, 381–391. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
    Saklani, S.; Chandra, S.; Badoni, P.P.; Dogra, S. Antimicrobial
activity, nutritional profile and phytochemical screening of wild edible
fruit of Rubus ellipticus. Int. J. Med. Aromat. Plants 2012, 2, 269–274.
[Google Scholar]
    Shigaeva, J.; Darr, D. On the socio-economic importance of natural
and planted walnut (Juglans regia L.) forests in the Silk Road
countries: A systematic review. For. Policy Econ. 2020, 118, 102233.
[Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
    Chen, P.; Jiang, W.; Liu, Y.; Yan, F.; Chen, F. Main physical
chemistry characteristics and fatty acid composition of three plant oils
and their bio-diesel fuels. Guangxi Zhiwu/Guihaia 2007, 27, 448–452.
[Google Scholar]
    Peng, Z. Advances in Research of the Prinsepia utilis Royle In
China. J. Anhui Agric. Sci. 2011, 2011, 24. [Google Scholar]
    Maikhuri, R.K.; Singh, A.; Semwal, R.L. Prinsepia utilis Royle: A
wild, edible oil shrub of the higher Himalayas. Plant Genet. Resour.
Newslett. 1994, 98, 5–8. [Google Scholar]
    Singani, A.A.S.; Ahmadi, P. Manure Application and Cannabis
Cultivation Influence on Speciation of Lead and Cadmium by Selective
Sequential Extraction. Soil Sediment Contam. Int. J. 2012, 21, 305–321.
[Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
    Gudeta, K.; Julka, J.; Kumar, A.; Bhagat, A.; Kumari, A. Vermiwash:
An agent of disease and pest control in soil, a review. Heliyon 2021, 7,
e06434. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
    Khan, S.; Ali, A.S.; Ali, S.A. Green nanotechnology a boon in silver
nanoparticle (AgNPs) synthesis-certain aspects of AgNPs biomedical
applications and an outline of its toxicological impacts—A mini review.
Eur. J. Pharm. Med. Res. 2020, 7, 261–273. [Google Scholar]
    Negi, P.S.; Subramani, S.P. Wild edible plant genetic resources for
sustainable food security and livelihood of Kinnaur district, Himachal
Pradesh, India. Int. J. Conserv. Sci. 2015, 6, 657–668. [Google Scholar]
    Kumar, G.; Duggal, S. Ethnomedicinal diversity of aromatic plants in
foot hill regions of Himachal Pradesh, India. Int. J. Theor. Appl. Sci.
2019, 11, 18–39. [Google Scholar]
    Fitzpatrick, J.T. Cultivating and Preserving American Wild Flowers,
1890–1965; Cornell University: Ithaca, NY, USA, 2006. [Google Scholar]
    Shigeta, M. Folk in-situ conservation of ensete [Ensete ventricosum
(Welw.) EE Cheesman]: Toward the interpretation of indigenous
agricultural science of the Ari, Sowthwestern Ethiopia. Afr. Study
Monogr. 1990, 10, 93–107. [Google Scholar]