Re: CONTRARY EVIDENCE (WASRe: Evide)nce!

jillery wrote:

On Sun, 17 Mar 2024 19:25:07 -0400, Ron Dean
<rondean-noreply@gmail.com> wrote:
 

Ernest Major wrote:

On 16/03/2024 22:37, Ron Dean wrote:

Explain how if eyes evolved independently about 40 times, how is it
that the same master control gene exist in fruit flies, mice and
humans. The eye gene (Pax6 gene) was taken from a mouse and placed
into a fruit fly embryo and the mouse gene produced eyes in the fruit
fly, but not mouse eyes, but fruit fly eyes. . Furthermore, some of
the first complex organisms ie certain species of trilobites had
highly complex functioning eyes. Is there reason to think the same
Pax6 gene was not involved in the eyes of trilobites with vision?

>
One of the functions of DNA binding regulatory proteins is to "specify"
parts of the body. For example the Hox proteins divide the bilaterian
body into regions along the anterior/posterior axis. Some MADS box genes
in plants divide the developing flower along the proximal/distal access
into the floral whorls of calyx, corolla, androecium and gynoecium.
>
There is an obvious hypothesis for the role of Pax6 genes in
independently evolved eye development - that Pax6, among it's other
roles, specifies a forward facing region of the head, which is where
eyes usually developed, and has been pressed into service as a switch in
the early stages of eye development. One possible test for this
hypothesis is look at the control of eye development in organisms with
non-cephalic eyes - is the claim that Pax6 is a "master control gene"
for eye development across all Bilateria an overly hasty generalisation?
>

Ok, but the pax6 gene function is a function of eyes and part of the
brain. But the fact that a mouse gene function controlling or switching
on the downstream fly genes suggest it's the same gene. What seems
amazing is that this gene remains "fixed" or unchanged back into deep
time,100s of millions of years. I think deliberate and purposeful design
is a better explanation than random, unguided blind natural forces for
what is observed.

>

The most vexing problem I have with evolution is the dogma of a blind,
random, unguided process. I'm an engineer. In engineering we never see
this, there no chance that a complex program can undergo random changes
without dire consequence. There might possibly be on rare occasion where
an unguided change might have no effect. Engineering starts out with an
objective or goal,  so must evolution. If there's no goal, then what
distinguishes a beneficial mutation from a bad mutation. Survival one
might say? But no! offspring with bad mutations can do frequently
survive, protected by the mother. And they can have offspring; only the
worst die out.
>
The members that usually survival depends largely upon luck, surviving
to adulthood without being eaten by other beast while at rest or asleep
at night and living long enough to reproduce is real. The fittest is in
reality survival of the luckiest. In other cases massive numbers of eggs
are laid. Sea turtles for example, lay eggs by thousands and they hatch
and rush forwards into the sea, except for the large numbers that become
food for birds and other animals. Another consideration is the fact that
each cell has it's own DNA proofreading and repair systems, a defective
cell can repair itself or it is destroyed.
>
Another vexing issue for me is the will to survive. In the case of the
turtles, it's as if they _know_ they are in danger, and seek the
protection of the sea. How do the know. Instinct where did instinct come
from. Going back the first living cell. What was the impetuous of dead
inorganic chemicals to created a living cell. Did the first living cell
have the will to survive? Where did this will come from?
>
>

Having conceived of this issue, I identified a group of organisms with
non-cephalic eyes, i.e. Pectinidae (scallop), and asked a question of
the web. The reply was Wang et al, Scallop genome provides insights into
evolution of bilaterian karyotype and development, Nature Ecology and
Evolution 1: 0120 (2017), which reports that eye development in
Patinopecten yessoensis does not utilise Pax6, nor several other genes
involved in eye development in Homo.
>

I can accept that there are exceptions, but where commonality exist I
think this is valid. According to some sources the homo eye gene is the
same as the mouse eye gene. I can accept that there or other genes in
addition to the Pax6 gene involvement in the development of the homo eye.

  Here's a link that shouldn't tax your comprehension:
 <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PAX6>
**************************************
It acts as a "master control" gene for the development of eyes
AND OTHER SENSORY ORGANS [emphasis mine]
***************************************

 >
Thanks for the cite, but it confirms what I wrote. I realize that it is involved in other body parts including the head and the brain. But the term "master control gene", is the term used by the scientist who discovered homeobox genes Dr. Walter Gehring. In fact the title of his book on the subject is entitled "Master Control genes in Development and Evolution". Furthermore, the term "master Control Genes is commonly used by another scientist, considered a leader in the field Dr. Sean B. Carroll in his book entitled, " The New Science of Evo Devo" Subtitled Endless Forms Most
beautiful".
  Quote from the article you referenced:

>

PAX6 protein function is highly conserved across bilaterian species. For instance, mouse PAX6 can trigger eye development in Drosophila melanogaster. Additionally, mouse and human PAX6 have identical amino acid sequences.[11]
These papers reported an unusually high degree of homology between Drosophila ey and both the mouse and human PAX6 genes. The authors went on to show that mouse Pax6 could substitute for Ey during normal and ectopic eye development (Halder et al., 1995a). This startling observation prompted a profound rethinking of how the eye evolved within the animal kingdom and eventually led to the replacement of the polyphyletic hypothesis (Salvini-Plawen and Mayr, 1977) with a single origin model for the evolution of the eye (Halder et al., 1995b; Callaerts et al., 1997)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5746045/#R22
Historically evolution theorized that the eye evolved independently about 39 times.  But according to the article above there was a single evolution of the eye. I contended for years that evolution is unfalsifiable. This is an example.

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To know less than we don't know is the nature of most knowledge