New calculations (average) about the average received signal in the
Shapiro experiment, by using his preliminary presentation in 1968.
Some data collected from his first paper:
https://paulba.no/paper/Shapiro_1968.pdfQUOTE:
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The remainder of this Letter is devoted to a more detailed discussion of
the data analysis and the novel experimental techniques required by the
echo signal being sometimes as small as 10^-21 W, i.e., about 10^27
times weaker than the transmitted signal power of 300 kW.
......
How is the template determined? Since the planetary radius p is about a
factor of 10^8 larger than the wavelength L of the radar signal, we can
consider the planet to be composed of a great number of independent
elements, each large compared with L and small compared with p.
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Radar equation for ranging:
Pᵣ = Pᵗ G² σ λ²/[(4π)³ R⁴]
Pᵣ = 10E-21 W
Pᵗ = 300,000 W
λ = 0.0375 mt
G = 67 dBi = 1.15E+06 (34 mt Cassegrain antenna at 8 Ghz)
R (Earth - Mercury) = 2E+11 m
σ (Mercury's cross-section at 8 Ghz - Shapiro calculations).
INCOGNITO: σ used in calculations (avg.)
σ = Pᵣ [(4π)³ R⁴]/(Pᵗ G² λ²) = 7.6E+12 m²
SIGNAL TO NOISE AT RECEIVER:
S/N = Pᵣ/(k Ts BW L)
k: Boltzmann constant = 1.380649E-23 J/K
Ts: System temperature = 150 "K
BW: Bandwidth = 20,000 Hz
L: Losses in receiving system = 20 dB = 100
N: Noise at receiver input = 4.141947E-15 W
S/N = 2.438467E-07 = -66 dB
So, faintest signal is about 5,000,000 times BELOW NOISE AND YET IS
RECOVERED AND POST-PROCESSED? IN 1968, WHEN DIGITAL ENCODING WAS IN ITS
INFANCE?
IT SURE WAS A JOKE ON YOU ALL.
EVEN IN 2024, THE DECODING OF A HIGHLY CODIFIED SIGNAL (CDMA/SPREAD
SPECTRUM) WITH S/N = -40 dB is extraordinary, but 60 years ago (and with
a 32 bits pseudo-random BPSK signal) his team could use signals with an
SNR 100 times lower?
But they fixed everything with 1 year of post-processing on an IBM 360
(first generation, 80 bits words). Yes, they could add decimals like
crazy with 80 bits words, BUT.....COOKING WAS AT ITS PEAK.
The Shapiro's experiment HOAX. A 1968 TIME article.
Re: The Shapiro's experiment HOAX. A 1968 TIME article.
