Re: E = 3/4 mc² or E = mc²? The forgotten Hassenohrl 1905 work.

On Tue, 3 Dec 2024 14:01:10 +0000, ProkaryoticCaspaseHomolog wrote:

On Tue, 3 Dec 2024 2:22:27 +0000, rhertz wrote:
>

Collision, collusion. Which is the difference?

>
So, the fact that more recent measurements are significantly different
from older results in that they better support E=mc^2 is de facto
evidence of selective tweaking of results, fakery, and collusion?

ALL OF THEM. IN PARTICULAR COLLUSION TO HAVE EVERY PHYSICAL CONSTANT
RELATED TO OTHERS, SO ALL THE FORMULAE GIVE COHERENT RESULTS (COHERENT
WITH WHAT? WITH THE BUILDING OF PHYSICS). CALL IT AS YOU WANT.
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SOME PHYSICAL CONSTANTS FIXED BY COLLUSION LED BY CIPM AND ADOPTED BY
DIFFERENT CGPM (GENERAL CONFERENCE ON WEIGHT AND MEASURES) SINCE 1970:
________________________________________
1. Speed of Light in Vacuum (c)
Value: 299,792,458 m/s
Fixed: 1983, fixed by the 17th CGPM
DERIVED: 1 meter is the distance light travels in vacuum in
1/299,792,458 seconds.
________________________________________
2. Second (s)
Definition based on: Transition between two hyperfine levels of the
ground state of the cesium-133 atom.
Fixed: 1967, by the 13th CGPM
Second: the duration of 9,192,631,770 periods of the radiation
corresponding to the transition between the two levels.
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3. Planck Constant (h)
Value: 6.626 070 15 × 10⁻³⁴ J•s
Fixed: 2019, by the 26th CGPM
DERIVED: The kilogram is now defined in terms of the Planck constant and
the meter and second (related through quantum mechanics).
________________________________________
4. Elementary Charge (e)
Value: 1.602 176 634 × 10⁻¹⁹ C
Fixed: 2019
The same redefinition of the SI system in 2019 fixed the value of the
elementary charge, effectively redefining the ampere.
________________________________________
5. Boltzmann Constant (k)
Value: 1.380 649 × 10⁻²³ J/K
Fixed: 2019
This fixed value redefined the kelvin as a unit of thermodynamic
temperature, relating it directly to energy.
________________________________________
6. Avogadro Constant (Nₐ)
Value: 6.02214076 × 10²³ mol⁻¹
Fixed: 2019
The Avogadro constant was set to an exact value in 2019, redefining the
mole.
1 mole now contains exactly 6.02214076 × 10²³ entities (atoms,
molecules, etc.).
________________________________________
7. Magnetic Constant (μ₀)
Fixed Value: Previously 4π × 10⁻⁷ N/A² (inexact)
Before 2019, μ₀ was defined EXACTLY, but now it is A DERIVED CONSTANT,  based on the fine-structure constant (α), Planck constant, and the
elementary charge.
________________________________________
8. Electric Constant (ε₀)
Similar to μ₀, the electric constant is no longer fixed but DERIVED from
other constants like the speed of light and magnetic permeability.
________________________________________
9. Fine-Structure Constant (α)
Not fixed but DERIVED from other constants: α = e²/(4πε₀ℏc) ≈ 1/137
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10. Rydberg Constant (R∞)
Value: 10,973,731.568160 m⁻¹
The Rydberg constant is DERIVED from fixed constants like the Planck
constant (ℎ), speed of light (𝑐), and electron mass.
________________________________________
11. Gravitational Constant (G)
Unlike many other constants, G (≈ 6.67430 × 10⁻¹¹ m³ kg⁻¹ s⁻²) is not
fixed and remains one of the least precisely known constants.
This is due to experimental difficulties in measuring it accurately.
________________________________________
12. Permeability of Free Space (μ₀)
Old fixed value: 4π × 10⁻⁷ N•A⁻² (EXACT VALUE)
Since 2019, DERIVED based on the speed of light (c), Planck constant
(h), and elementary charge (e), and no longer fixed.
It is related to the fine-structure constant: μ₀=2hα/(e²c)
________________________________________
13. Permittivity of Free Space (ε₀)
Old FIXED value: 8.854187817 × 10⁻¹² F•m⁻¹ (exact value)
After 2019, DERIVED using the relation: ε₀ = 1/(μ₀c²)
________________________________________
14. Molar Gas Constant (R)
Value: 8.314462618 J•mol⁻¹•K⁻¹
DERIVED from fixed constants like the Boltzmann constant (k) and
Avogadro number (Nₐ): R = Nₐ × k
________________________________________
15. Stefan-Boltzmann Constant (σ)
Value: 5.670374419 × 10⁻⁸ W•m⁻²•K⁻⁴
DERIVED from fixed constants such as the Boltzmann constant (k), speed
of light (c), and Planck constant (h): σ = 2π⁵k⁴/(15h³c²)
________________________________________
16. Wien’s Displacement Constant (b)
Value: 2.897771955 × 10⁻³ m•K
DERIVED  from fixed constants such as the Boltzmann constant (k) and
Planck constant (h):
b = hc/(k×4.9651) (numerical factor from Planck’s law)
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17. von Klitzing Constant (R_K)
Value: 25,812.8074593045 Ω
DERIVED from the Planck constant (h) and elementary charge (e):
R_K = h/e²
Used in the quantum Hall effect to define the ohm.
________________________________________
18. Faraday Constant (F)
Value: 96,485.332 123 310 C•mol⁻¹
Relates to the charge of one mole of electrons and is DERIVED from
 F = Nₐ × e
________________________________________
19. Electron Volt (eV)
Value: 1 eV = 1.602176634 × 10⁻¹⁹ J
DEFINED in 2019, based on the exact value of the elementary charge (e).
________________________________________