Re: Einstein FRAUD with the paper on m=E/c^2

For the imbecile ignorant Jan (read it and learn something, idiot)
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https://ethw.org/Milestones:Standardisation_of_the_Ohm,_1861-1867
EXCERPT:
In the 1850’s, Michael Faraday (1791 – 1867) and William Thomson
demonstrated how the core resistance of a transatlantic cable could
limit messages to only one character every four seconds! It was
therefore important to know precisely the quality of the conductor, i.e.
the resistance.
Resistance coils, calibrated in feet of copper wire or similar small
units, had been introduced for laboratory use in the 1840s by Charles
Wheatstone (1802–1875), M H Jacobi, and others. Wheatstone had proposed
a foot of copper wire weighing 100 grains in 1843, and Jacobi had sent
copies of a longer "etalon" to various physicists in 1848 [1], but
neither of these standards were widely adopted. These material standards
were calibrated as miles of copper wire in the UK, km of iron wire in
France and miles of iron wire in Germany [1]. An alternative to these
arbitrary material standards of resistance had existed, at least on
paper, in the "absolute" system based on units of force and motion that
Wilhelm Weber (1804–1891), building on Gauss's earlier magnetic work,
had published in 1851 [1]. Rather than simply defining a certain piece
of wire as the unit of resistance, the absolute system required a
delicate measurement, with special apparatus, to determine the
resistance of a given wire in terms of a velocity [1].
In 1860 Werner von Siemens (1816–1892) published a suggestion for a
reproducible resistance artifact standard based on a column of pure
mercury [5], of one square millimeter cross section, one meter long.
This Siemens mercury based unit was somewhat larger and thus not
coherent with the wire related units. Charles Bright (1832–1888) and
other engineers suggested the adoption of larger units, more in keeping
with Siemens unit. Jenkin later noted, "the first effect of the
commercial use of resistance was to turn the 'feet' of the laboratory
into 'miles' of telegraph wire," and Bright's coils were indeed
calibrated in equivalents of a mile of wire. The replication and
refinement of such resistance coils in the 1850s and 1860s was thus
crucial to the spread of precision electrical measurement among both
engineers and physicists.
In 1861, Latimer Clark (1822–1898) and Charles Bright presented a paper
[7] at the British Association for the Advancement of Science (BAAS)
meeting suggesting that standards for electrical units be established
and they suggested names for these units derived from eminent
philosophers, 'Ohma', 'Farad' and 'Volt'. The BAAS in 1861 responded by
appointing, on William Thomson’s suggestion, the British Association
Committee on Electrical Standards, with Fleeming Jenkin, acting as
secretary. This committee included James Clerk Maxwell (1831-1879) and
Thomson and it was tasked to report upon and define Standards of
Electrical Resistance [8, 9].
The committee objectives were to devise a unit that was of convenient
size, part of a complete system for electrical measurements, coherent
with the units for energy, stable, reproducible and based on the French
metrical system [8, 10]. The committee thus rapidly identified in 1862
the difference between and requirement for both 'units' and 'standards'
for resistance. This committee was driven by Thomson, Maxwell and Jenkin
prior engineering cable laying experiences as they wished to select
units whose magnitudes would suit the needs of the telegraph engineers.
The committee thus created the “BA unit” of resistance, an absolute unit
based on a meter-gram-second (mgs) system of units. However, on working
out the size of the mgs unit of resistance they found it would be much
too small for the needs of the telegraph engineers. Thus they
recommended a practical unit of resistance to be 107 times larger than
the mgs absolute unit of resistance. In one sense the choice of 107 was
arbitrary, except that it made, for example, a mile of the usual size of
telegraph wire have a resistance of 10 ohms in today’s notation.
The “BA unit of resistance” was thus selected to be equivalent to 10
million meters per second, making it just a few percent larger than
Siemens's mercury unit [5], and so of much more convenient size for
cable use. The committee encountered problems when performing absolute
measurements of the required precision which meant it was late 1863
before they could offer even a tentative resistance standard. In the
1864 third report of the committee the resistance unit is referred to as
"BA unit or Ohmad" [8, 11]. Their early standard resistance coils
consist of loosely wound wire mounted in annular copper cans which were
then filled with paraffin wax, see below, with Jenkin requesting that
they be deposited a “public institution” [1], similar to the standard
yard located in London. These coils were prepared for measurement of the
“BA unit” and after many painstaking measurements by Jenkin, Maxwell,
the Scottish physicist Balfour Stewart (1828 – 1887), etc, the committee
finally issued its official resistance standards in February 1865.
By 1865 they claimed to have ten resistors all adjusted as closely as
possible to 107 m/s, with several copies of these standards. The BA
Committee had decided [8 p47] to adopt “one particular standard,
constructed of very permanent materials and laid up in a national
repository”, and that it should be a coil of wire having a resistance
adjusted as nearly as possible to 107 m/s. In 1863 and 1864 Maxwell and
Jenkin measured the resistance of two particular coils [8 p158, p167 and
p197] which were later used to establish the 1 ohm standard. In a brief
note in the Philosophical Magazine, Jenkin, as secretary of the
committee, announced that copies of the standard resistance were now
available, and that "A unit coil and box will be sent on receipt of the
remittance of £2 10s" [13]. These standard resistors were located in the
Kew observatory, Cavendish Laboratory, etc., before transfer, in 1955,
to the Science Museum.
The actual instrument proposed by Thomson to define the BA unit
alongside Maxwell, see photo of the portrait in the attached file,
employed a magnet suspended within a spinning coil of standard wire.
Jenkin rotated the coil and Maxwell took the measurements as they led
the experimental verification of the coil resistance. The text in [15]
does confirm that the revolving-coil apparatus shown on the table in the
portrait of Maxwell was that designed by Lord Kelvin and was the one
actually used in 1863 to first determine the value of the ohm. Their
reports, published along with others including those of Wheatstone and
Siemens, culminated in 1867 in the adoption of the unit that we now
represent with the symbol Ω [12]. Later, in 1872, the committee
recommended a change to the name from “BA unit of resistance” to the
"ohm," naming it after the German physicist and mathematician Georg Ohm
(1789 – 1854).
Subsequent developments
In 1881 a practical Ohmic unit, based on centimeter-gram-second (cgs)
units, used a mercury column, similar to that of Siemens. A legal ohm
standard, was then proposed in 1884 as a compromise value between the BA
unit, the Siemens unit, and the above cgs unit, but this was never
adopted by a national legislation. This represented an intermediate
stage of approximation to the present day international unit values. The
"international" ohm was recommended later in 1893 [14] and became the
basis for the legal definition of the ohm in several countries, with
further adoption in 1908 [14]. In 1948 the ohm was redefined in absolute
terms instead of as an artifact standard.
The ohm is defined as an electrical resistance between two points of a
conductor when a constant potential difference of one volt, applied to
these points, produces in the conductor a current of one ampere. Today,
the definition of the ohm is expressed from the quantum Hall effect. The
siemens (S) is the SI derived unit of electric conductance and
admittance, is the reciprocal of resistance in ohms (Ω).
Further evidence of the collaborations on resistance measurement, shown
in an attached file, with a 1871 letter from Maxwell to Siemens. In
1873, both Maxwell and Jenkin each published their individual textbooks
on electricity and magnetism.
System of Measurement Units
http://ethw.org/System_of_Measurement_Units#Evolution_of_Electromagnetic_System_of_Units
already provides a summary of this technological development.
Contents
    1 Systems of Units
        1.1 Nature of units
        1.2 Classification of units.
    2 Fundamental principles concerning units in equations
    3 Historical Sketch of English Units
        3.1 Weight
        3.2 Length
        3.3 Volume
        3.4 Area
    4 History of the International Metric System
    5 Evolution of Electromagnetic System of Units
    6 Definitions of Electric and Magnetic Units
    7 Telephony Measurement Units
    8 References
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