Re: The Shapiro's experiment HOAX. A 1968 TIME article.

On Fri, 18 Oct 2024 19:40:13 +0000, J. J. Lodder wrote:

rhertz <hertz778@gmail.com> wrote:

<snip>

THE USE OF TRANSPONDERS HAS BEEN OF COMMON USE IN SPACECRAFTS, ROCKETS,
DEEP SPACE SONDES, ETC., SINCE THE SPAGE AGE COMMENCED, AND IS UNRELATED
TO SHAPIRO'S DELAY. IT'S A MATTER OF COMMON SENSE IN RADIO ENGINEERING.

Not really, the first sats didn't have one.
The point is that having transponders in interplanetary probes
reduces the uncertainty in positions of all bodies
at least a thousandfold, to typically hundreds of meters.
So while you are still whining about what may have been wrong
with the original Shapiro experiment (nothing)
correctly taking gravitational delays into account
has long since been a routine engieering matter
in interplanetary navigation.
>
There just is no way to ignore it
and still arrive at correct orbit predictions,
>
Jan

For Christ's Sake, Jan!. Stop posting things of which you don't know!
The use of transponders in satellites has been a dreamed solution for
communications, since 1945 (at least), when Arthur C. Clark INVENTED the
geostationary satellite communications!
He foresaw the use of 3 geosynchronous satellites, at about 36,000 Km,
to cover ALL the international communications. In 1963, Syncom was the
world's first geostationary satellite.
https://secure.boeingimages.com/archive/Syncom--the-First-Geosynchronous-Communications-Satellite-2JRSXLJ2M8G5.html
Telstar 1. It launched on July 10, 1962. The mission was a cooperative
effort between AT&T and the space agency to demonstrate, “the
feasibility of transmitting information via satellite.”
In 1962, NASA launched the first interplanetary probe:
https://science.nasa.gov/mission/mariner-2/
Telstar 1. It launched on July 10, 1962. The mission was a cooperative
effort between AT&T and the space agency to demonstrate, “the
feasibility of transmitting information via satellite.”
Since 1957 Sputnik, the space race began frenetically between US and
USSR. In only 5 years, US gained enough know-how in order to start
commercial satellite communications, which was A COMMON PLACE by 1969.
As I wrote before, the USE OF TRANSPONDERS has been present since THE
SPACE AGE BEGAN!.
Read the content in this link. You HAVE TO or STFU.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_satellite
What are your degrees? I really wonder. Can you tell?
And finally, the interplanetary navigation DEPENDS ON OTHER THINGS than
stupid transponders. Besides on-board computing of navigation data, the
MOST USED "GALACTIC GPS" HAS ALWAYS BEEN THE OPTICAL GUIDANCE BY "FIXED"
DISTANT STARS. plus newtonian celestial mechanics AND MANY OTHER
algorithms (like to use data from Earth-deep spacecraft links).
Do you think that THE FAKE DATA from HIPPARCOS is used, to correct a few
Km?  The flight path is CONSTANTLY computed, and corrected, by using
many mechanisms. In the end, NEWTONIAN CELESTIAL MECHANICS IS KING!
READ THIS AND LEARN!
BTW, USSR WAS ALWAYS AHEAD OF US IN SPACE COMMUNICATIONS AND IN THE USE
OF INTERPLANETARY PROBES.
IN OCTOBER 1959, THE USSR SATELLITE TOOK THE FIRST PICTURE OF THE OCCULT
SIDE OF THE MOON. IT WAS THE LUNA 3, AND USED (AS IT SHOULD BE)
TRANSPONDERS!
LEARN MORE HERE:
https://www.rmg.co.uk/stories/topics/space-race-timeline
Space race timeline
2 August 1955: The USSR responds to the US announcement that they intend
to launch the first artificial satellite into space with a satellite of
their own.
4 October 1957: The USSR successfully launches Sputnik 1, the first
Earth-orbiting satellite in history.
3 November 1957: The USSR successfully launches Sputnik 2, carrying a
dog named Laika into space. They become the first nation to successfully
send a living organism into orbit.
31 January 1958: The US enter the space race by launching Explorer 1,
the first US satellite to reach orbit. It carried experimental equipment
that led to the discovery of the Van Allen radiation belt.
1 October 1958: The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)
is created in the US, replacing the National Advisory Committee on
Aeronautics (NACA).
18 December 1958: The US launch SCORE, the world's first communications
satellite. It captured world attention by broadcasting a pre-recorded
Christmas message from US President Dwight D. Eisenhower, becoming the
first broadcast of a human voice from space.
2 January 1959: The USSR launches Luna 1, known as the first "cosmic
rocket" as it accidentally escaped the orbit of the Moon due to the
object having too much speed. Luna 1 becomes the first human-made object
to leave the orbit of the Earth and orbit the sun instead.
2 August 1959: The US launches Explorer 6, the world's first weather
satellite and obtains the first pictures of Earth from space.
12 September 1959: The USSR launches Luna 2 and accomplishes its mission
of creating the first spacecraft to reach the surface of the Moon.
4 October 1959: The USSR launches Luna 3 and succeeds in their mission
of sending an object into orbit around the Moon and photographing the
far side of the Moon.
19 August 1960: Aboard the Soviet Union's Sputnik 5, the first animals
(two dogs, Belka and Strelka) and a range of plants are returned alive
from space.
31 January 1961: Ham, a US chimpanzee, becomes the first hominid (or
great ape) in space and the first to successfully survive the landing.
12 April 1961: The Soviet Union achieve a clear triumph in the space
race. Aboard the Vostok 1, Yuri Gagarin makes a single orbit around the
Earth and becomes the first man to reach space. He remained in space for
one hour and forty-eight minutes before landing in Saratov Oblast, west
Russia.
5 May 1961: The US achieve the first pilot-controlled journey and first
American in space with Alan Shepard aboard the Mercury-Redstone 3 (or
Freedom 7) spacecraft. On this flight, Shepard did not orbit Earth. He
flew 116 miles high. The flight lasted about 15 minutes.
16 June 1963: Valentina Tereshkova becomes the first civilian and first
woman in space. She spends almost three days in space, orbiting the
Earth 48 times aboard her spacecraft, Vostok 6.
18 March 1965: Alexei Leonov leaves his spacecraft, the Voskhod 2, in a
specialized spacesuit and conducts a twelve-minute spacewalk, the first
of its kind.