This was the last attempt to validate Einstein HOAX on Mercury in 2017.
Please OBSERVE that the authors refer to Clemence (1947), who FOLLOWED
EXACTLY Newcomb (1898), except some MINOR corrections. Newcomb FOLLOWED
to Le Verrier (1854), but raised the difference to 43". Einstein used
THIS DATA, with the advice of his astronomer Freundlich (1915), the one
that FRAUDULENTLY claimed that he had measured red-shifting of light of
the Sun in 1912 (later, he took it back).
Freundlich was INSTRUMENTAL in the connections of Einstein with Newcomb
(1913), and later with Eddington through Lorentz (1916). In that way, in
time of WWI, Eddington got a copy of the publications of GR by March
1916.
A whole network of fraudster cooperated since 1916 to make Einstein
worldwide famous, starting with the German Jewish journalist that
promised to Einstein such achievement, and it worked very well in Europe
and US, with full support of the zionist press.
The attached table was made by these persons. Their paper is online.
Precession of Mercury’s Perihelion from Ranging to the MESSENGER
Spacecraft
Ryan S. Park1, William M. Folkner1, Alexander S. Konopliv1, James G.
Williams1, David E. Smith2, and Maria T. Zuber2
1 Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology,
Pasadena, California 91109, USA;
Ryan.S.Park@jpl.nasa.gov2 Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts
Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
Received 2016 December 20; revised 2017 January 17; accepted 2017
January 21; published 2017 February 21
Pay attention to the title of Table 3:
The Breakdown of ESTIMATED Contributions and Uncertainties from the
Planets, Asteroids, GE effect, LT effect, and Solar Quadrupole Moment to
the Precession Rate of Mercuryʼs Perihelion Computed in the coordinate
Frame Defined in Section 4 (i.e., along Mercuryʼs Mean Orbit Plane)
ESTIMATED AS ON: Reusing data from Le Verrier, being 163 YEARS OLD.
***********************************************
This is a link to my post in 2023, with the formulae using Gauss:
https://groups.google.com/g/sci.physics.relativity/c/JWWwsBi98OI/m/Dtt7T8fZAwAJPerihelion advance of planets
https://farside.ph.utexas.edu/teaching/celestial/Celestial/node44.htmlThe solar system consists of eight major planets (Mercury to Neptune)
moving around the Sun in slightly elliptical orbits that are
approximately coplanar with one another. According to Chapter 4, if we
neglect the relatively weak interplanetary gravitational interactions,
the perihelia of the various planets (i.e., the points on their orbits
at which they are closest to the Sun) remain fixed in space.
However, once these interactions are taken into account, it turns out
that the planetary perihelia all slowly precess in a prograde manner
(i.e., rotate in the same direction as the orbital motion) around the
Sun. We can calculate the approximate rate of perihelion precession of a
given planet by treating the other planets as uniform concentric rings,
centered on the Sun, of mass equal to the planetary mass, and radius
equal to the mean orbital radius.
This method of calculation, which is due to Gauss, is equivalent to
averaging the interplanetary gravitational interactions over the orbits
of the other planets. It is reasonable to do this because the timescale
associated with the perihelion precession is very much longer than the
orbital period of any planet in the solar system.
Thus, by treating the other planets as rings, we can calculate the mean
gravitational perturbation due to these planets, and, thereby, determine
the desired precession rate. (Actually, Gauss also incorporated the
eccentricities, and non-uniform angular velocities, of the planetary
orbits into his original calculation.)
We can conveniently index the planets in the solar system by designating
Mercury as planet 1, and Neptune as planet 8.
Let the mᵤ and the aᵤ, for u=1...8 , be the planetary masses and mean
orbital radii, respectively. Furthermore, let M be the mass of the Sun.
It follows, from Section 3.7, that the gravitational potential generated
in the vicinity of the i th planet by the Sun and the other planets is
Φᵤ(r) = -GM/r - ∑ᵏ⁼⁰ pᵏ [∑ᵛ<ᵘ Gmᵥ/aᵥ (aᵥ/r)²ᵏ⁺¹ + ∑ᵛ>ᵘ Gmᵥ/aᵥ (r/aᵥ)²ᵏ]
pᵏ = [P²ᵏ(0]². Pʳ(x) is a Legendre polynomial (Abramowitz and Stegun
1965b).
The perihelion of the u_th planet advances by
δωᵤ ≈ 2π ∑ᵏ⁼¹ k (2k+1) pᵏ [∑ᵛ<ᵘ mᵥ/M (aᵥ/aᵤ)²ᵏ + ∑ᵛ>ᵘ mᵥ/M (aᵤ/aᵥ)²ᵏ]
radians per revolution around the Sun. Of course, the time required for
a single revolution is the orbital period, Tᵤ . From this (read the
paper), it's derived the rate of the perihelion precession, in
arcseconds/year, with the formula
δωᵤ ≈ [12960000/Tᵤ(yr)] ∑ᵏ⁼¹ k (2k+1) pᵏ [∑ᵛ<ᵘ mᵥ/M (aᵥ/aᵤ)²ᵏ + ∑ᵛ>ᵘ
mᵥ/M (aᵤ/aᵥ)²ᵏ⁺¹]
RESULTS OF THE APPROXIMATE FORMULA δωᵤ
Table: Observed and theoretical planetary perihelion precession rates
(at J2000). Source: Standish and Williams (1992).
PLANET .......... OBSERVED .......... THEORETICAL
Mercury .......... 5.75"/year .......... 5.54"/year ...................
[5.32"/year, with more accurate formula]
Venus ............. 2.05"/year .......... 12.07"/year
Earth ............. 11.45"/year .......... 12.79"/year
Mars ............. 16.28"/year .......... 17.75"/year
Jupiter ............ 6.55"/year .......... 7.51"/year
Saturn .......... 19.50"/year .......... $ 18.59"/year
Uranus ........... 3.34"/year .......... 2.75"/year
Neptune ......... 0.36"/year .......... 0.67"/year
Perihelion precession of Mercury
As described in Appendix B, if the calculation described in the previous
section is carried out MORE ACCURATELY, taking into account the slight
eccentricities of the planetary orbits, as well as their small mutual
inclinations, then the perihelion precession rate of the planet Mercury
is found to be 5.32 arcseconds per year. However, the observed
precession rate is 5.75 arcseconds per year.
The difference of 43"/century is calculated by giving gravity the speed
c (Gerber, Einstein).
The above table gives results with INFINITE speed of gravity. And this
has been so since Le Verrier (1857).
As I wrote before: Apples + Oranges = TOTAL THEORETICAL Mercury's
perihelion advance.
Others use FORCES, NOT FIELDS. But, under Newton the speed of gravity is
INFINITE, for Venus over Mercury OR Uranus over Mercury.
Read this, even when you're Russophobic. You'll see how different values
are generated using PURE Newton and a computer:
Gravitation, Field, and Rotation of Mercury Perihelion
Joseph J. Smulsky
Institute of the Earth Cryosphere of the Russian Academy of Sciences
http://www.ikz.ru/~smulski/Papers/08Smulsky2c.pdf**************************************************************
IN THE TABLE 3, THE SPEED OF GRAVITY IS INFINITE (Newton's action at a
distance).
So, Mercury HOAX = Newton-Gauss GROSS estimations + Einstein's GR.
Weakness in the results of the three tests of GR shown in rhe lasr century,.
Re: Weakness in the results of the three tests of GR shown in rhe lasr century,.