Re: The Shapiro's experiment HOAX. A 1968 TIME article.

Does Gravity Deflect Light Newtonian or Twice Newtonian?
In his Optics, Newton thought light would be affected by gravity the
same way other particles would because he thought light was a particle.
Henry Cavendish calculated the deflection from the Sun to be 0.875
arcseconds, following Newton's assumption.
In 1911, Einstein arrived at the figure of 0.83 arcseconds. He later
decided it would be twice that, explaining that it would be Newtonian
plus the curvature of space.
There are two reasons, each alone sufficient to establish that this is
false. Einstein's General Relativity claims to account for Newtonian
gravity by the curvature of space. Then, saying curvature doubles the
deflection is redundant. Second, the concept of curved space is
logically fallacious. Because space is an abstraction, curving it would
involve the reification fallacy. In any case, the claim of an exact
doubling is obviously absurdly unlikely. More than that, the doubling
claimed by relativity is without derivation in math or physics. No math
or reasoning leads to it, but only a "2" is inserted in the equation.
More than that, Galileo and Eotvos had established before Einstein that
gravity affects everything equally. Aristotle had taught that heavier
objects fall faster, and European scientists remained under his
influence until Galileo's experiments rolled spherical balls of
different weights down inclines. Eotvos' meticulous laboratory
experiments showed that all elements, such as iron, lead, gold, and
silver, are affected the same by gravity, unlike magnetism. Therefore,
if light is affected by gravity, it should be affected the same as
everything else.
If deflected a different amount as it evidently was in the eclipse
experiment, this could be either some other effect or an extraordinary
exception to the rule. It would not be extraordinary if light were
deflected by refraction, as this is a well-known property of light.
Therefore, it is much more likely to be refraction.
As Carl Sagan pointed out, extraordinary claims require extraordinary
proof. Relativity claims this remarkable proof in the Shapiro time delay
experiments involving the reflection of radio waves off of Mercury and
Venus. As this discussion has shown, the radio wave experiments were not
sufficiently accurate.
Considering that the Pound-Rebka-Snider experiment showed a Newtonian
gravitational redshift, was this time delay Newtonian or twice
Newtonian? Twice Newtonian must be refraction.
The experiment wasn't accurate enough to provide extraordinary proof. As
Richard Hertz says, "So, faintest signal is about 5,000,000 times BELOW
NOISE AND YET IS RECOVERED AND POST-PROCESSED? IN 1968, WHEN DIGITAL
ENCODING WAS IN ITS INFANCE?"
Lodder said: "You misunderstood that too.
Half the effect is gravitational time dilation.
For convenience in comparing with experiment
the total effect -is represented- as an effective extra path length.
(or time delay)." This is redundant because the total remains the same
no matter how you subdivide it (deflection + redshift= 1). There is only
one gravitational effect from the Sun on anything passing by.