Re: The Shapiro's experiment HOAX. A 1968 TIME article.

On Sat, 26 Oct 2024 2:49:03 +0000, LaurenceClarkCrossen wrote:

Mr. Hertz: But Gauss did not use the speed c for gravity, did he?

Gauss, Poisson, Laplace, Lagrange, von Soldner, Le Verrier and so many
others didn't focused on the speed of gravity (c or infinite). They
accepted Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation but skipped the concept
of forces, with the associated instantaneous action at a distance. Such
concept, present in Newton's original work published on Principia, was
accepted by many and questioned by many others as well.
Classic physics genius, decades after Newton, started to think about
fields of gravity, which permeated 3D space. With this concept, gravity
was always present everywhere, but following Newton's Principia.
New mathematics were needed to replace the effects of Newtonian forces.
The ideas of Gauss law of gravitation followed and respected Newton, but
started to introduce geometrical concepts quite revolutionary, like 3D
gravitational torus, in a way that challenged Euclidean geometry by
introducing new mathematical tools.
Have in mind that Riemann was a DISCIPLE of Gauss, who encouraged him to
explore N-dimensional space in terms of analytic differential geometry.
Years after Riemann's premature death, his work was finally published.
The challenge to develop new mathematical tools was picked up by several
MATHEMATICIANS in the next 45 years, bringing people like  Beltrami
(1835–1900), Ricci (1853–1925), Christoffel (1829–1900), Klein
(1849–1925), Bianchi (1856–1928), Levi-Civita  (1873–1941) to develop
TENSORS as tools to describe N-Dimensional spaces.
Levi-Civita was able to provide a geometric interpretation of curvature
effects in GROSSMAN (not Einstein) theory by the use of parallel
displacement of vectors (the famous connectors in tensor theory).
NOTICE HOW THE CONCEPT OF GRAVITATIONAL FIELDS SLOWLY MIGRATED TO
GEOMETRICAL INTERPRETATION OF N-DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY IN THE PERIOD
POST-RIEMANN.
The passage of 4-D spaces to 4-D spacetime came by the hand of Grossman,
but it's not Riemannian geometry, which only dealt with SPACE. The
replacement of the 4th. dimension by time in Levi-Civita final work was
made by Marcel Grossman in 1913.
As this work introduced time as a fourth dimension, with the limit of c
speed, such body of work IS CALLED PSEUDO-RIEMANNIAN GEOMETRY, and does
not make ANY PHYSICAL SENSE, EVEN TODAY.
That's how relativists RUINED a pure geometrical theory, born with
Riemann, deforming it into something that is A MATHEMATICAL DISGRACE.
Riemann, if he could have come back to life, would die again a thousand
times due to the heretic deformation of his pure N-Dimensional geometry.
If you analyze the timeline between 1800 and 1913, you could appreciate
the passage of gravity with infinite speed to gravity limited to c
speed. And, in this case, the absolute pioneer was Gerber (1898) with
his paper explaining Mercury's perihelion advance if gravity moves at c
speed.