This is the Standard Model of Elementary Particles, which has matured in
the last 60 years, since Hell-Man and others:
https://www.quantumdiaries.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/2000px-Standard_Model_of_Elementary_Particles.svg_.jpgIt's composed of quarks, leptons, gauge bosons and the Higgs boson.
MOST (BUT FAR FROM ALL) PHYSICISTS ACCEPT THIS CRUDE MODEL, WHICH HAS
MANY FLAWS.
There is a community of physicists that believe that such model is one
level above of the model of PREONS, which are fully elementary particles
that form ANY OTHER OF THE SMEP MODEL.
Preons are supposed to be constituents of quarks and leptons (electrons,
neutrinos), and such model was proposed in 1974.
In the last 50 years, such new model has evolved at accelerated paces.
Supersymmetric preons and the standard model
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0550321318301123QUOTE:
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The proton, neutron, electron and ν can be constructed of 12 preons and
12 anti-preons. The construction (2.12) is matter–antimatter symmetric
on preon level, which is desirable for early universe. The model makes
it possible to create from vacuum a universe with only matter.
Corresponding antiparticles may occur equally well, but the matter
dominance case seems to have been made. Neutral dark matter is formed of
preon–antipreon pairs more likely than ordinary matter when the
temperature of the universe is lowered to a proper free mean path value
between preon collisions.
.................
Different combinations of preons give rise to properties like mass,
charge and spin.
................
Preon theory
A model that attempts to explain the properties of quarks and leptons by
reducing them to combinations of more fundamental building blocks. The
idea behind preon theory is to replicate the achievements of the
periodic table in chemistry, which reduced 94 elements to combinations
of just three building blocks.
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This article, prior to the super-symmetry theory, serves as an example
of the state of confusion that reigns in some branches of physics.
That preons MUST EXIST, BUT CAN'T EXIST is the essence of the article.
Inside the Quark
https://www.npl.washington.edu/av/altvw80.htmlIn the end, there is a growing acceptance that SMEP is fatally flawed,
but the "simpler" preon's theory is far from having experimental
results.
The problem is that much higher energy in the LHC is required to SMASH
quarks and some leptons. Maybe above 200 TeV.
And guess what: the design and construction of a Super LHC is on its way
between France and Switzerland.
Meanwhile, what gives mass to an electron IS UNKNOWN, and the 13 billion
euros invested in the LHC to find the Higgs boson was the most expensive
FRAUD IN PHYSICS.
But a larger FRAUD is on its way.
I propose TO CANCEL PARTICLE PHYSICS AND COSMOLOGY WORLDWIDE, LET THE
RELATIVISTS TO ROTTEN THEMSELVES INTO THEIR IGNORANCE AND IMPOTENCE, AND
USE THE MONEY TO DO REAL PHYSICS, WITH EARTHLY APPLICATIONS TO IMPROVE
CIVILIZATION.
Let the electron as it is, conceived in classic physics 100 years ago.
Let Engineering and Technology to replace most of physics.
Stop this madness.