On 7/1/2026 4:10 PM, André G. Isaak wrote:If it divides sentences into anything other than true and false then it is a three-valued system.On 2026-07-01 14:52, olcott wrote:It is not a three-valued system as these are commonlyOn 7/1/2026 3:50 PM, André G. Isaak wrote:>>>Any expression X that is unprovable in any formal>
system F is untrue in that formal system F
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Any expression X that is irrefutable in any formal
system F is unfalse in that formal system F.
So now you have a four-valued logic? (true, false, untrue, unfalse).
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Like the expression: "What time is it?"
we have true, false, not truth apt.
So a three-valued system. Then the same remarks apply. You need to actually define your three-valued system and show how the basic logical operators actually work in that system.
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understood.
When we go with the expressiveness ofNatural language tells us nothing about Q.
natural language then construing all sentences as
true or false is directly seen to be as stupid as it
has always been.
AFAICT, 'truth bearer' is simply a synonym for 'declarative sentence'. And declarative sentences are the only kind of sentence found in Q. Whatever meaning you intended is not an 'established well-defined meaning'. It is your own private meaning.And your natural language example is entirely unrevealing. Natural language distinguishes between interrogative and declarative sentences. Q has only declarative sentences and declarative sentences, by definition, are sentences which evaluate to a truth value.Because logic only has propositions that it incorrectly assumed
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must be true or false it stupidly ignores the third possibility
of semantically ill-formed.
And in standard logic there is this thing called the law of the excluded middle which states that every declarative sentence is either true or false. You can't just introduce some concept like "not truth apt" without completely redefining logic from the ground up.Not truth apt and not a truth bearer already has established
well-defined meanings that logic stupidly ignores.
And ∀ x, S(x) ≠ x is most definitely a truth bearer.
The law of the excluded middle forces logicians to stupidlyWhich is exactly what we want in Boolean logic.
classify semantic nonsense as true or false.
I explained to you not two hours ago why this particular quote carries absolutely no weight with me, so there's really no point in bringing it up again.You haven't made even the feeblest attempt at doing this. You simply introduce concepts as if they will magically fit into an existing system rather than exploring what the consequences of introducing such concepts would actually haveWittgenstein (1937)
>>If so, you'll need to define what all of these values actually mean, and you'll need to completely redefine all of the basic logical operators so that they account for these four values.
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5 = 5 is irrefutable in Q. According to what you say above that makes it 'unfalse'. How is that different from being 'true'?
No answer?
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André
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'True in Russell's system' means, as was said:
proved in Russell's system; and 'false in Russell's
system' means: the opposite has been proved
in Russell's system
If true and provable were equivalent, we wouldn't have two different words for them. 'true' is an ontological category; 'provable' is an epistemic category. They don't map onto one another.
André
Has been inherently the way that true on the basis--
of meaning expressed in language HAS ALWAYS WORKED.
Expressions of language are ONLY true, or false on
the basis of their connections to other Expressions
of language.
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